Blasts at Mahabodhi temple in Bodh Gaya a terror attack: မꨤꨀ္ꨲတꨰꨀ္ꨲ တီꨳပုတ္ꨵထꨀယꨣꨲ

မိူဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵꨀꨤင္ꨓ္ꨮꨅဝ္ꨵ ꩀး꨼ꩀ ꨓꨓ္ꨵ  မꨤꨀ္ꨲတꨰꨀ္ꨲ ꨓ္ꨮးပုတ္ꨵထꨀယꨣꨲ ꨓꨯꨵ (9 ) လုꨀ္ꨳ ꨓ္ꨮးဝꨤင္းꨀြင္းမူးမꨟꨣꨲေꨕꨣးထိ ꨿ လုꨀ္ꨳ ၊ ꨟိမ္းၾꨕꨣးꨀ်ꨣꨲပꨤꨓ္ꨲ (꨼) လုꨀ္ꨳ ၊ ꨟိမ္းꨀြၽင္းထိပꨰတ္ꨵ (꨾) လုꨀ္ꨳ ꨬလꨳ တ္ꨮꨳလူတ္ꨵပꨤꨅ္ꨵ လုꨀ္ꨳꨓုိင္ꨳ။
ꨀူꨓ္း(ꩀ)ေꨀꨣꨵ လꨯꨳမꨤတ္ꨲꨅꨱပ္းꨀꨮꨣꨲ ꨓ္ꨮးꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨣးမုꨓ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳမိူင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳပꨣးꨓိုင္ꨳ၊ လꨯꨳꨟူꨵဝꨣꨳမꨤတ္ꨲꨅꨱပ္းꨟꨱင္းဝꨯꨵꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။ ပꨱꨓ္ယြꨓ္ꨵꨕ္ꨮ ꨕူꨳလ္ꨮꨓꨯေတꨵ ယင္းပꨯꨲလꨤတ္ꨳလꨯꨳ ၊ လြင္ꨳလူꨵယ္ꨮꨲသုမ္းလူင္ေတꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲေပꨣးမီး လူိ္ဝ္ေသ တူꨓ္ꨳေꨕꨣးထိ လꨯꨳတူိဝ္ꨵꨉꨣးꨅꨤꨀ္ꨲ ꨡိတ္းꨡြတ္း ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳ ဝ္ꨮေꨕꨣးထိ ပိဝ္လူင္းꨀူꨉ္း။

ꨀြင္းမူးမꨟꨣꨲေပꨣးထိ ꨬလꨳ တူꨓ္ꨳေꨕꨣးထိꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨡြင္ꨳတီꨳပုတ္ꨵထꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ၾꨕꨣး ေသ ေတꨣꨲထိုင္ဝꨓ္းမူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္သုꨓ္ꨀꨤင္ ꨅꨤဝ္းပုတ္ꨵꨓ္ꨮးလူꨀ္ꨳတင္းသꨱင္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨅ္ꨮꨡမ္ꨲလီꨅြမ္းေတꨵ ယြꨓ္ꨵꨕꨰꨓ္ꨀꨤꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းမိူ္ꨀ္ꨳလိူင္းꨁဝ္

တူꨓ္ꨳေꨕꨣးထိꨁမ္း ꨬလꨳ ꨟိမ္းꨟြမ္းပုတ္ꨵထꨀယꨣꨲ တီꨳမုင္ꨳသꨣꨲ

ဝတ္ꨵတꨯးပုတ္ꨵထꨀယꨣꨲ ꨟဝ္း တိုꨀ္ꨵသꨤင္ꨳဝတ္ꨵမ္ꨮꨲ ထꨰင္ꨳလင္ꨓိုင္ꨳ
သင္ဝꨣꨳ ꨁ္ꨮꨳꨅြꨯꨳထꨰမ္ ꨟꨱင္းတူဝ္၊ ꨟꨰင္းꨅ္ꨮ၊ ꨟꨰင္းငိုꨓ္း ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵꨓꨯေꨀꨣꨳ ꨟဝ္းꨁꨣꨳꨅုမ္းပြင္ꨀꨤꨓ္ဝတ္ꨵ
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ပꨤင္ဝꨓ္းꨀိူတ္ꨲ ꨁူးဝꨣးဝုꨓ္ꨵꨅုမ္ꨵ ဝတ္ꨵတꨯးပုတ္ꨵထꨀယꨣꨲ

ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲငꨤဝ္းလီ ꨬလꨳ ꨕိတ္ꨳမြꨀ္ꨲထိုင္

ဝꨓ္ꨳထိ 5 January, 2013 မိူဝ္ꨳꨕုꨀ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ  ꨟဝ္းꨁꨣꨳသင္ꨲꨁ ဝတ္ꨵတꨯးꨁူးဝꨣးဝုꨓ္းꨅုမ္ꨵပုတ္ꨵထꨀယꨣꨲ ꨬလꨳ တꨀꨣꨲတꨯး မူိင္းꨡိꨓ္ꨲတိယ တင္းသꨱင္ꨳ ေတꨟူမ္ꨳꨀꨓ္ꨅတ္းဝꨓ္းꨀိူတ္ꨲ သိꨓ္ထမ္းေပꨣꨳꨁူးဝꨣးဝုꨓ္ꨵꨅုမ္ꨵ ꨡꨓ္ꨡꨣယုꨲ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁူးဝꨣးꨟဝ္း ယꨱပ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨳမꨣးꨓ္ꨮး ꩀ꨻ ပီꨓꨯတီꨳꨁꨣꨳေꨡꨣꨳ။

ꨟꨮ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္တီꨳမꨯꨤတြင္း ꨡꨣꨲယူꨵꨅဝ္ꨳꨁူးဝꨣးꨟဝ္း ယꨱပ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨳ ꩀ꨻ ပီꨓꨯꨬလꨳ လꨯꨳꨕိတ္ꨳပꨤင္း သင္ꨁꨣꨲꨅဝ္ꨳ ꩀ꨻ တူꨓ္ ꨓ္ꨮးဝတ္ꨵꨀူူꨳမိူင္းမိူင္း ꩀ꨻ ဝတ္ꨵ ထုင္ꨵပုတ္ꨵထꨀယꨣꨲေသ ꨟꨮ္ꨳမꨣးꨁဝ္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨳသုတ္မုꨓ္း ယြꨓ္းသူးပꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁူးဝꨣး
ꨟဝ္းꨓꨯေꨡꨣꨳ။

ပꨤင္ဝꨓ္းꨀိူတ္ꨲꨓꨯꨵေတꨵ ꨅတ္းꨟꨱတ္းတီꨳ ဝတ္ꨵတꨯးꨁူးဝꨣးဝုꨓ္းꨅုမ္ꨵ ပုတ္ꨵထꨀယꨣꨲ  မူိင္းꨡိꨓ္ꨲတိယ ꨟိမ္းꨅမ္ တူꨓ္ေꨕꨣးထိ တီꨳꨡꨓ္ပုတ္ꨵထꨅဝ္ꨳꨟဝ္း ꨟူပ္ꨳလꨯꨳသပ္ꨵပꨉုတꨉꨤꨓ္ꨲေသ ပꨱꨓ္ၾꨕꨣးမꨣးꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨡꨣꨳ။

ယြꨓ္းသူး ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨁူးဝꨣးꨟဝ္း ယူꨲလီသုင္းဝꨤꨓ္ ꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္ဝိပသ္သꨓꨣꨲ  ꨟꨮ္ꨳမိူꨓ္ꨡူꨀ္းမိူꨓ္ꨅ္ꨮေသꨀမ္း~

ꨅြꨯꨳပို္ꨓ္း

ꨁꨤဝ္းꨀတ္း ပုတ္ꨵထꨀယꨣꨲ

ꨁꨤဝ္းꨀတ္း ပုတ္ꨵထꨀယꨣꨲ

ယြꨓ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္ ꨁꨤဝ္းꨀတ္းꨬလꨳ တီꨳလိꨓ္ထြတ္ꨳမꨰတ္ꨳ ပုတ္ꨵထꨀယꨣꨲꨟဝ္း လꨯꨳꨟꨓ္ ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨀူꨓ္းဝꨯꨳၾꨕꨣးꨁဝ္ꨳ ꨀူꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨳမိူင္း ေပꨣးသူꨓ္ꨳသိꨓ္းသꨤꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ဝꨯꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨀူꨳေꨀꨣꨵယူိင္းꨡꨤꨓ္းမꨣးꨟꨣꨀꨤꨓ္လီေလ ယꨀ္ꨵတူꨉ္းꨕ္ꨮ ေꨀꨣꨳ ꨓꨣꨳယုမ္ꨵတꨣꨳဝꨤꨓ္ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ꨟꨣꨳꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္လီ မူိꨓ္ꨲꨓင္ꨲ ဝꨯꨳၾꨕꨣး၊ ꨓင္ꨳၾတꨣး၊ လူꨲတꨤꨓ္း ꨅꨣꨲꨀ ယူꨲယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨓ္ꨮးꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵတꨯးꨟဝ္းေꨀꨣꨳ လꨯꨳꨡဝ္တိုဝ္ꨵတꨤင္းသုꨓ္ꨲလီေသ မꨣးဝꨯꨳသꨣꨲ တီꨳတူꨓ္ꨳေꨕꨣးထိေသ ꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္လီ ꨓင္ꨲꨡူꨀ္းꨓင္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨁဝ္ယူꨲယဝ္ꨵ

ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲ
ဝတ္ꨵတꨯး

ကမၻာ့အႀကီးဆံုး ေက်ာင္း

Category: ေမာကၡႏုိင္ငံတကာသတင္း

Published on Tuesday, 16 October 2012 17:32

Written by ျမတ္ပန္းရွင္

ကေလးမ်ားအတြက္ ေက်ာင္းပထမဆံုး တက္ရသည့္ေန႔မွာ ေျခာက္ျခားဖြယ္ရာ ျဖစ္ေနတတ္ပါသည္။ အကယ္၍သာ ေက်ာင္းသား ေလးေသာင္းရွိသည့္ ကမၻာ့အႀကီးဆံုးေက်ာင္းသို႔ စာသင္ယူရန္ လာခဲ့ရပါမူ အသို႔ရွိေနမည္ကို စဥ္းစားၾကည့္ေစလိုပါသည္။
ဂင္းနစ္ ကမၻာ့မွတ္တမ္းေနာက္ဆံုး စံခ်ိန္အရ အိႏိၵယႏုိင္ငံ၊ Lucknow ၿမိဳ႕၊ စီးတီးမြန္တက္ဆာရီယိုေက်ာင္း City Montessori School တြင္ ေက်ာင္းသား ၃၉၄၃၇ ဦးမွာ ၂၀၁၁-၂၀၁၂ ပညာသင္ႏွစ္တြင္ တက္ေရာက္လ်က္ ရွိေနသည္။
လက္ရွိတြင္ ေက်ာင္းသား ၄၅၀၀၀ ဦး၊ ဆရာဆရာမ ၂၅၀၀ ဦး၊ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ အလံုး ၃၇၀၀၊ စာသင္ခန္းေပါင္း ၁၀၀၀ ရွိေနခဲ့သည္။ အလြန္ ထူးခၽြန္လွသည့္ ခရစ္ကတ္အသင္းတစ္သင္းလည္း ရွိေနပါသည္။
CMS ဟု လူသိမ်ားသည့္ ကမၻာ့အႀကီးဆံုးေက်ာင္းကို ၁၉၅၉ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ Jagdish Gandhi ႏွင့္ ဇနီးျဖစ္သူ Bharti တို႔က ေခ်းေငြရူးပီး ၃၀၀ (၆ ေဒၚလာ) ခန္႔မွ်ျဖင့္ ေက်ာင္းသား ငါးဦးႏွင့္ စတင္ခဲ့ျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။
ယေန႔တြင္မူ Uttar Pradesh ျပည္နယ္၊ Lucknow ၿမိဳ႕၏ ေနရာ ၂၀ ခန္႔တြင္ ေက်ာင္းခြဲမ်ား တည္ရွိေနၿပီျဖစ္သည္။ စာေမးပြဲ ရလဒ္မ်ားႏွင့္ ႏုိင္ငံတကာ exchange programme မ်ားအတြက္ နာမည္ ရလ်က္ရွိေနသည္။
အသက္ ၇၅ ႏွစ္အရြယ္ ေက်ာင္းတည္ေထာင္ခဲ့သူ Jagdish Gandhi က ဤသို႔ဆိုပါသည္။ “ကၽြန္ေတာ္တို႔ရဲ႕ ေက်ာင္းသားေတြဟာ ပညာေရး အင္မတန္ ထူးခၽြန္ထက္ျမက္ၾကပါတယ္။ ကမၻာနဲ႔လည္း ထိေတြ႔ဆက္ဆံခြင့္ေတြ ေပးထားတယ္။ ဂင္းနစ္ ကမၻာ့စံခ်ိန္တင္မွတ္တမ္းမွာ အႀကီးဆံုးေက်ာင္းအေနနဲ႔ ပါ၀င္တာဟာ ၾကည္ႏူးစရာပါ။ ဒါေပမဲ့ ေက်ာင္းဆိုတာ ႀကီးတာ၊ ေသးတာနဲ႔ မဆိုင္ပါဘူး ”
အသက္ ၃ ႏွစ္မွ ၁၇ ႏွစ္ အရြယ္ထိ ေက်ာင္းသားေက်ာင္းသူတုိင္း ယူနီေဖါင္း ဆင္တူ၀တ္ဆင္ၾကရသည္။ အတန္းထဲတြင္ ၄၅ ဦးခန္႔ရွိေနတတ္သည္။ သို႔ေသာ္ သူတို႔အားလံုး ပါ၀င္သည့္ မနက္ခင္းစုစည္းမႈ Assembly မွာေတာ့ မျဖစ္ႏုိင္ပါေခ်။
အားကစားအသင္းအတြက္ အေတာ္ဆံုးကို ေရြးခ်ယ္ခြင့္ ရွိေနေၾကာင္း ကာယဆရာ Raju Singh Chauhan က ရွင္းျပသည္။
၂၀၀၅ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ဖိလစ္ပိုင္ႏုိင္ငံ၊ မနီလာၿမိဳ႕မွ ေက်ာင္းသား ၂ ေသာင္းခန္႔ရွိ Riza High School ကို ေက်ာ္လြန္ၿပီး ေက်ာင္းသား သံုးေသာင္းျဖင့္ ဂင္းနစ္စံခ်ိန္တင္ခဲ့ျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။
ကမၻာ့အႀကီးဆံုးတကၠသိုလ္မွာလည္း အိႏၵိယတြင္ရွိေသာ IGNOU တကၠသိုလ္ျဖစ္သည္။ ေက်ာင္းသား ၄ သန္းအထိ ရွိေနေလသည္။
အစိုုးရအကူအညီ မရရွိေသးေသာ CMS ေက်ာင္းအေနျဖင့္ ကေလးတစ္ဦးလွ်င္ တလ- ရူပီးေငြ တစ္ေထာင္ (ျမန္မာေငြ တစ္ေသာင္းငါးေထာင္) ခန္႔ အနည္းဆံုး ေက်ာင္းလခ ေပးေဆာင္ၾကရသည္။ အတန္းႀကီးမ်ားက ျမန္မာေငြ ၂ ေသာင္း ၅ ေထာင္ က်ပ္ခန္႔အထိ လစဥ္ေပးရသည္။
ဆင္းရဲႏြမ္းပါးလွသည့္ ဥတၱပါရေဒ့ရွ္ျပည္နယ္တြင္ ေက်ာင္းမ်ား လြန္စြာ လိုအပ္လ်က္ ရွိေနဆဲျဖစ္သည္။
“ပညာ သင္ၾကားေပးရတဲ့ ေက်ာင္းဆရာအလုပ္ဆိုတာ အင္မတန္မွ ျမင့္ျမတ္လွတဲ့ အလုပ္ဆိုတာကို ေက်ာင္းေတာ္က အသိအမွတ္ ျပဳထားတယ္။ ရိုးစင္း၊ ခ်ဳိ႕တဲ့စြာနဲ႔ စတင္ တည္ေထာင္ခဲ့ရာက အခုလို ကမၻာက ေလးစား အသိအမွတ္ျပဳတာ ရရွိျခင္းဟာ စာသင္ေက်ာင္း သမိုင္းအတြက္ အင္မတန္မွ ၾကက္သေရ မဂၤလာရွိတဲ့ သမိုင္းပါ။” ဂင္းနစ္အယ္ဒီတာခ်ဳပ္က ရွင္းျပခဲ့သည္။
ျမတ္ပန္းရွင္
ေမာကၡႏုိင္ငံတကာပညာေရး
Source: AFP

Five English Speaking Rules you need to know!

1. Don't study grammar too much

This rule might sound strange to many ESL students, but it is one of the most important rules. If you want to pass examinations, then study grammar. However, if you want to become fluent in English, then you should try to learn English without studying the grammar.

Studying grammar will only slow you down and confuse you. You will think about the rules when creating sentences instead of naturally saying a sentence like a native. Remember that only a small fraction of English speakers know more than 20% of all the grammar rules. Many ESL students know more grammar than native speakers. I can confidently say this with experience. I am a native English speaker, majored in English Literature, and have been teaching English for more than 10 years. However, many of my students know more details about English grammar than I do. I can easily look up the definition and apply it, but I don't know it off the top of my head.

I often ask my native English friends some grammar questions, and only a few of them know the correct answer. However, they are fluent in English and can read, speak, listen, and communicate effectively.

Do you want to be able to recite the definition of a causative verb, or do you want to be able to speak English fluently?

2. Learn and study phrases

Many students learn vocabulary and try to put many words together to create a proper sentence. It amazes me how many words some of my students know, but they cannot create a proper sentence. The reason is because they didn't study phrases. When children learn a language, they learn both words and phrases together. Likewise, you need to study and learn phrases.

If you know 1000 words, you might not be able to say one correct sentence. But if you know 1 phrase, you can make hundreds of correct sentences. If you know 100 phrases, you will be surprised at how many correct sentences you will be able to say. Finally, when you know only a 1000 phrases, you will be almost a fluent English speaker.

The English Speaking Basics section is a great example of making numerous sentences with a single phrase. So don't spend hours and hours learning many different words. Use that time to study phrases instead and you will be closer to English fluency.

Don't translate

When you want to create an English sentence, do not translate the words from your Mother tongue. The order of words is probably completely different and you will be both slow and incorrect by doing this. Instead, learn phrases and sentences so you don't have to think about the words you are saying. It should be automatic.

Another problem with translating is that you will be trying to incorporate grammar rules that you have learned. Translating and thinking about the grammar to create English sentences is incorrect and should be avoided.

3. Reading and Listening is NOT enough. Practice Speaking what you hear!

Reading, listening, and speaking are the most important aspects of any language. The same is true for English. However, speaking is the only requirement to be fluent. It is normal for babies and children to learn speaking first, become fluent, then start reading, then writing. So the natural order is listening, speaking, reading, then writing.

First Problem
Isn't it strange that schools across the world teach reading first, then writing, then listening, and finally speaking? Although it is different, the main reason is because when you learn a second language, you need to read material to understand and learn it. So even though the natural order is listening, speaking, reading, then writing, the order for ESL students is reading, listening, speaking, then writing.

Second Problem
The reason many people can read and listen is because that's all they practice. But in order to speak English fluently, you need to practice speaking. Don't stop at the listening portion, and when you study, don't just listen. Speak out loud the material you are listening to and practice what you hear. Practice speaking out loud until your mouth and brain can do it without any effort. By doing so, you will be able to speak English fluently.

4. Submerge yourself

Being able to speak a language is not related to how smart you are. Anyone can learn how to speak any language. This is a proven fact by everyone in the world. Everyone can speak at least one language. Whether you are intelligent, or lacking some brain power, you are able to speak one language.

This was achieved by being around that language at all times. In your country, you hear and speak your language constantly. You will notice that many people who are good English speakers are the ones who studied in an English speaking school. They can speak English not because they went to an English speaking school, but because they had an environment where they can be around English speaking people constantly.

There are also some people who study abroad and learn very little. That is because they went to an English speaking school, but found friends from their own country and didn't practice English.

You don't have to go anywhere to become a fluent English speaker. You only need to surround yourself with English. You can do this by making rules with your existing friends that you will only speak English. You can also carry around an iPod and constantly listen to English sentences. As you can see, you can achieve results by changing what your surroundings are. Submerge yourself in English and you will learn several times faster.

TalkEnglish Offline Version is now ready for download. In this package, you can utilize over 8000 audio files to completely surround yourself in English. There are over 13.5 hours of audio files that are not available in the web form. All conversations and all sentences are included, so even if you don't have many English speaking friends, you can constantly surround yourself in English using your MP3 player. This package is available at the English Download page. Take advantage of this opportunity and start learning English faster. Click on the link or go to http://www.talkenglish.com/english-download.aspx.

5. Study correct material

A common phrase that is incorrect is, "Practice makes perfect." This is far from the truth. Practice only makes what you are practicing permanent. If you practice the incorrect sentence, you will have perfected saying the sentence incorrectly. Therefore, it is important that you study material that is commonly used by most people.

Another problem I see is that many students study the news. However, the language they speak is more formal and the content they use is more political and not used in regular life. It is important to understand what they are saying, but this is more of an advanced lesson that should be studied after learning the fundamental basics of English.

Studying English with a friend who is not a native English speaker is both good and bad. You should be aware of the pros and cons of speaking with a non native speaking friend. Practicing with a non native person will give you practice. You can also motivate each other and point out basic mistakes. But you might pick up bad habits from one another if you are not sure about what are correct and incorrect sentences. So use these practice times as a time period to practice the correct material you studied. Not to learn how to say a sentence.

In short, study English material that you can trust, that is commonly used, and that is correct.

Summary

These are the rules that will help you achieve your goal of speaking English fluently. All the teachings and lessons on TalkEnglish.com follow this method so you have the tools you need to achieve your goal right here on TalkEnglish.com.

ပိုꨓ္းꨀꨰပ္ꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳၾသꨣꨲလူင္ပꨉꨣေꨕꨣးꨀ မူိင္းသူꨳ

ပိုꨓ္းꨀꨰပ္ꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳတူꨓ္ꨁူးလူင္ပꨉꨣေꨕꨣꨀ

သင္ꨁမꨟꨣꨓꨣယꨀ တူꨓ္ထိꨓိုင္ꨳ ငဝ္ꨳငုꨓ္းမုꨀ္ꨵꨅုမ္းလူင္သင္ꨲꨁꨣꨲꨅိုင္ꨳတꨯး

ဝတ္ꨵပိတꨀꨤတ္ꨳ ဝꨱင္းပꨤင္လူင္

ဝꨓ္းꨀိူတ္ꨲ  ꨬလꨳ ꨅꨣꨲတိ~

ꨅဝ္ꨳတူꨓ္ꨁူးလူင္ ပꨉꨣေꨕꨣးꨀꨓꨯꨵ ꨀိူတ္ꨲမꨣꨳမိူဝ္ꨳပီေꨀꨣးꨅꨣꨲ 1354 ꨓီꨳ၊ လူိꨓ္သီꨲလြင္ꨳ (1) ꨁမ္ꨳ၊ ယꨤမ္ꨳꨀꨤင္ꨓ္ꨮ(9:30) မြင္း၊ တီꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳပꨣꨲꨬꨀꨲ၊ ꨡူိင္ꨲမိူင္ꨳꨁꨤင္၊ ေꨅꨳဝꨱင္းမူိင္းသူꨳ။

ပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤး လုင္းယြတ္ꨳꨁမ္း+ပꨣꨳꨓꨤင္းꨁမ္း၊ ꨅိုဝ္ꨳမိူဝ္ꨳလꨱꨀ္ꨵꨟြင္ꨵဝꨣꨳ ꨅꨯꨤးပꨤꨓ္းꨅိင္ꨲꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨁိုꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤင္ꨲ~

-      ပီေꨀꨣးꨅꨣꨲ 1268 ꨓီꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ေပꨣꨳꨬမꨳꨡဝ္မိူဝ္းꨡꨤပ္ꨳတီꨳꨀြၽင္း ꨟꨱတ္းꨀပ္ꨵပီꨲ တီꨳꨀြၽင္းꨕꨀ္းꨀီး ꨡိူင္ꨲမိူင္းꨁꨤင္ꨲ ။

-      ပီေꨀꨣးꨅꨣꨲ 1270 ꨓီꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨁꨤမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္သꨤင္ꨲ တမ္ꨳတီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳၾသꨣꨲလူင္ ꨀြၽင္းꨕꨀ္းꨀီး၊ ꨡိူင္ꨳမိူင္းꨁꨤင္ꨓꨓ္ꨵေသ ꨅဝ္ꨳၾသꨣꨲလူင္တꨤင္ꨲပꨓ္ꨅိုဝ္ꨳꨀြၽင္းဝꨣꨳ ̒̒ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤင္ꨲပꨉꨣေꨕꨣꨀ̓ ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨁိုꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅꨤင္း~

-      ပီေꨀꨣးꨅꨣꨲ 1274 ꨓီꨳ၊ လိူꨓ္သꨤမ္မ္ꨮꨲ ꨅꨱတ္းꨁမ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨁိုꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅꨤင္း တ္ꨮꨳꨟူမ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳၾသꨣꨲလူင္ꨲ ꨀြၽင္းပꨣတꨰပ္း ꨓ္ꨮးသိမ္ꨲꨀြၽင္းဝꨤꨓ္ꨳယူꨀ္ꨲ၊ ဝꨱင္းေꨀ်းသီးꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

-      တꨀꨣꨲꨅꨤင္းပꨱꨓ္ ပူꨲလြꨯမꨤꨓ္ꨲသꨰင္+ꨓꨯꨤးလြꨯမꨤꨓ္ꨲသꨰင္၊ ꨓꨤင္းသꨰင္သူꨉ္ꨲ ꨁဝ္ေပꨣꨳꨬမꨳလုꨀ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨀြၽင္း တီꨳယꨤမ္ꨳယူꨲသဝ္း သြꨓ္ꨡဝ္လိꨀ္ꨳမꨣး~

-             ꨀြၽင္းꨕꨀ္းꨀီး၊ မူိင္းသူꨳ။

-            ꨀြၽင္းယြတ္ꨳ၊ ꨀြၽꨀ္းေမး။ ꨀြၽင္းဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁꨣꨲ၊ ꨀြၽꨀ္းေမး။

-           ꨀြၽင္းယေမးတိꨓ္း၊ ဝꨱင္းတꨣꨳလိူဝ္ꨲ။ တိူꨀ္ꨳဝိသုတ္ꨵထꨣꨲရူင္ꨲ၊ ဝꨱင္းတꨣꨳလူိဝ္ꨲ။

-          ꨀြၽင္းꨀꨰꨀ္ꨵꨀသꨤꨓ္ꨲ၊ ဝꨱင္းတꨣꨳꨀုင္ꨳ။

-          ꨀြၽင္းပုပ္ꨵပꨣꨲရူင္ꨲ၊ ဝꨱင္းပꨣꨲꨀိူဝ္။

-      ꨬတꨡဝ္ပီ 1289 ေတꨣꨲ 1293 ꨓီꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳတူꨓ္ꨁူးလူင္ꨟဝ္း ꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨀꨮꨣꨲဝꨯꨳၾꨕꨣး တီꨳမတ္ꨵသိမေတꨲသ (ပုတ္ꨵထꨀယꨣꨲ) မိူင္းꨡိꨓ္ꨲတိယေသ သိုပ္ꨲပူꨓ္ꨵꨀꨮꨣꨲသြꨓ္ꨡဝ္လိꨀ္ꨳ ပꨣꨲလိ၊ သꨤꨓ္သꨀရိတ္ꨵ၊ ꨟိꨓ္ꨲတီꨲ ꨬလꨳ လိꨀ္ꨳꨡင္းꨀိတ္ꨵ တီꨳဝꨱင္းꨀူဝ္ꨲလမ္ꨲပူဝ္ꨲ၊ မူိင္းသီꨲꨟူဝ္ꨲယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨅုမ္ꨳꨁူး ꨡꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳၾသꨣꨲလူင္ꨲꨟဝ္းꨟပ္ꨵလꨯꨳ~

꨼ꨵ ပီ 1287 ꨓီꨳ ̒ပꨉꨣေꨕꨣꨀ ꨀꨓဝꨣꨅꨀ ထမ္မရꨣꨅꨀုရု̓ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨕꨣꨵသီꨲေပꨣꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ေꨁ်ꨲ ꨓြပ္ꨲꨡꨤပ္ꨳ။

꨽ꨵ ပီ 1295 ꨓီꨳ ̒သူꨉ္ꨲꨀ်ိꨓ္ꨲꨓိꨀꨣယ မꨟꨣꨓꨣယꨀ ရꨣꨅꨀုရု̓ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨕꨣꨵမိူင္းသူꨳ ꨓြပ္ꨲꨡꨤပ္ꨳ။

꨾ꨵ ပီ 1301 ꨓီꨳ ̒သꨤꨓ္းပ်ီꨲꨬꨓꨲတြင္းပꨰင္း ပုတ္ꨵထသꨣသꨓꨣပ်ဴꨵ ꨀꨓဝꨅꨀ ထမ္မꨀထိꨀ။

꨿ꨵ ပီ 1318 ꨓီꨳ ꨅြမ္ပိူင္ꨅိုင္ꨳမိူင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ တြꨀ္ꨵတꨣꨲꨀꨡူး ꨓြပ္ꨲꨡꨤပ္ꨳꨅုမ္ꨳ ̒သတ္ထ သင္ꨀီတိ ေꨡꨣဝꨣတ သင္ꨁꨓꨣ

    ယꨀ။

ꩀꨵ ပီ 1318 ꨓီꨳ သင္ꨲꨁꨣꨲꨅိုင္ꨳတꨯးပတ္ꨵပိုꨓ္ꨵ ယုꨀ္ꨵယြင္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨁိုꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ မꨟꨣꨓꨣꨲယꨀ ငဝ္ꨳငုꨓ္းမုꨀ္ꨵꨅုမ္း လူင္သင္ꨲꨁꨣꨲꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯး။

ꨓꨣꨳꨀꨤꨓ္သꨣꨲသꨓꨣꨲ~

Bodh Gaya

Bodh Gaya is a religious site and place of pilgrimage associated with the Mahabodhi Temple Complex in Gaya district in the Indian state of Bihar. It is famous for being the place where Gautama Buddha is said to have obtained Enlightenment (Bodhimandala).

The place-name, Bodh Gaya, did not come into use until the 18th century CE. Historically, it was known as Uruvela, Sambodhi, Vajrasana or Mahabodhi.^[1] The main monastery of Bodh Gaya used to be called the Bodhimanda-vihāra (Pali). Now it is called the Mahabodhi Temple.

For Buddhists, Bodh Gaya is the most important of the main four pilgrimage sites related to the life of Gautama Buddha, the other three beingKushinagar, Lumbini, and Sarnath. In 2002, Mahabodhi Temple, located in Bodh Gaya, became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.^[2]

The surrounding town, by contrast, is dusty and somewhat noisy.^[3] A new development plan has been proposed to "ensure a sustainable and prosperous future" for Bodh Gaya, but has become controversial because such a plan may require the relocation of whole neighborhoods.^[4]

History

According to Buddhist traditions, circa 500 BC Prince Gautama Siddhartha, wandering as an ascetic, reached the sylvan banks of Falgu River, near the city of Gaya. There he sat in meditation under a bodhi tree (Ficus religiosa). After three days and three nights of meditation, Siddharta claimed to have attained enlightenment and insight, and the answers that he had sought. He then spent seven weeks at seven different spots in the vicinity meditating and considering his experience. After seven weeks, he travelled to Sarnath, where he began teaching Buddhism.

Disciples of Gautama Siddhartha began to visit the place during the full moon in the month of Vaisakh(April–May), as per the Hindu calendar. Over time, the place became known as Bodh Gaya, the day of enlightenment as Buddha Purnima, and the tree as the Bodhi Tree.

The history of Bodh Gaya is documented by many inscriptions and pilgrimage accounts. Foremost among these are the accounts of the Chinese pilgrims Faxian in the 5th century and Xuanzang in the 7th century. The area was at the heart of a Buddhist civilization for centuries, until it was conquered by Turkic armies in the 13th century.

Mahabodhi Temple

The complex, located about 110 kilometres from Patna, at 24°41′43″N 84°59′38″E,^[6] contains the Mahabodhi Temple with the diamond throne (called the Vajrasana) and the holy Bodhi tree. This tree was originally a sapling of the Sri Maha Bodhi tree in Sri Lanka, itself grown from a sapling of the original Bodhi tree.

It is believed that 250 years after the Enlightenment of the Buddha, Emperor Asoka visited Bodh Gaya. He is considered to be the founder of the original Mahabodhi temple. It consisted of an elongated spire crowned by a miniature stupa and a chhatravali on a platform. A double flight of steps led up to the platform and the upper sanctum. The mouldings on the spire contained Buddha images in niches. Some historians believe that the temple was constructed or renovated in the 1st century during the Kushan period. With the decline of Buddhism in India, the temple was abandoned and forgotten, buried under layers of soil and sand.

The temple was later restored by Sir Alexander Cunningham in the late 19th century.^{[citation needed]} In 1883, Cunningham along with J. D. Beglar and Dr Rajendralal Miitra painstakingly excavated the site. Extensive renovation work was carried out to restore Bodh Gaya to its former glory.

Other Buddhist temples

Kittisirimegha of Sri Lanka, a contemporary of Samudragupta, erected with the permission of Samudragupta, a Sanghārāma near the Mahābodhi-vihāra, chiefly for the use of the Singhalese monks who went to worship the Bodhi tree. The circumstances in connection with the Sanghārāma are given by Hiouen Thsang (Beal, op. cit., 133ff) who gives a description of it as seen by himself. It was probably here that Buddhaghosa met the Elder Revata who persuaded him to come to Ceylon.

Several Buddhist temples and monasteries have been built by the people of Bhutan, China, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Laos, Korea, China, Bangladesh, Vietnam and Tai (Shan) in a wide area around the Mahabodhi Temple. These buildings reflect the architectural style, exterior and interior decoration of their respective countries. The statue of Buddha in the Chinese temple is 200 years old and was brought from China. Japan's Nippon temple is shaped like a pagoda. The Myanmar (Burmese) temple is also pagoda shaped and is reminiscent of Bagan. The Thai temple has a typical sloping, curved roof covered with golden tiles. Inside, the temple holds a massive bronze statue of Buddha. Next to the Thai temple is 25 meter statue of Buddha ^[7] located within a garden which has existed there for over 100 years.

Transportation

• Bodhgaya is about 12 km from Gaya City.The NH83 Highway connects Gaya and Bodhgaya.
• The Bihar State Tourism Development provides travel facility from Patna to Bodh Gaya.
• Bodh Gaya to Varanasi Bus service
• Varanasi to Kathmandu Bus service

Airport

5 kilometres from Bodhgaya is the Gaya International Airport, also known as Bodh Gaya International Airport.

Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodh_Gaya

Mahabodhi Temple, Buddhagaya

Mahabodhi Temple: This is a Buddhist temple where Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, attained enlightenment or nirvana. 250 years later, Emperor Ashoka visited this place and established this shrine which is now one of the earliest temples in India which is built entirely in brick that still stands. The place was conquered by Turkish invaders and the Mahabodhi temple was mostly abandoned in the 13th century. However it was later repaired and restored in the 1880’s by Alexander Cunningham.

The architectural style of the Mahabodhi Temple is truly unique since it is one of the oldest brick temples in India; however it underwent heavy restoration in the 19th century. The central tower of the temple is 55 meters tall and there are four smaller towers that surround the central edifice. The surroundings of the temple are made by using stone railings; some are granite while others are sandstone. Carvings of Hindu gods and goddesses such as Laxmi, the goddess of wealth being bathed by elephants adorn these stones. The temple also contains carvings of lotuses and the newer railings have carvings of Garudas (eagles).

Khuva boonchum Tai Temple, Buddhagaya

သꨣꨲဝတ္ꨵထိ တီꨳပုတ္ꨵထꨅဝ္ꨳꨡဝ္ဝꨣꨟိုင္လိူဝ္ပိူꨓ္ꨳ

1.               wqcr:gwr,sv,wdr.ti

       wqcr:gwr,sv,wdrtino. ebv:lugr.awrdI; wqcr:bv,RnsI, (migdv,wnr,) esgfv,jJcr mI: 347 gI,lUwr,mI,tKwr,yU,ywr.>  

 

         wqcr:no. y/mr:lqwrkwr;bv:wo. nT:ej;dznr;audr.dR bR dqdr.sLr< ej;wqcr:sv,wdr.tiwo.yU,ywr.> wqcr:no. gUnr:bzdr: dznr;nnr. kwrWcr.wv; @mhdr.#(Maheth) noes Wo:wdr.gwr, ej,dwnr,nnr. kwrsmr.Wcr.wv; @shdr.# (Saheth)noyU,> dI;wqcr:gwr,sv,wdrtino. mI:wo.Wo:h/cr;ehvgwr, kunrehvkmr:egv slEl; n/cr:ehvkmr:mnr,ligv,kwr y/mr;yU,swr:mv:nnr.yU,> mKwr;b/nrCpv:bqnrjwr;nnr. bqnrwqcr:lUcrbzdr:Wcr, mKcr:ainr:dI:yv: anrnJcr;es yznr.mnr:bqnrwqcr: anrlIebLv,lImUnr;wo.El; mnr:jwr;y/mr;awrwv, yU,swr:mv: dv,k/wr:y/mr: s/wr:hv;wv,dqmr dqmrnoyU,ywr.> lKwresnnr. mKwr;b/nrCpv:bqnrjwr;nnr. anrbqnrkunrwiddU,b< hUwrsJgr:lUcrbnr,tul< bunr,nv:bzgr.kR sv,di< set:anv,tbinr,< n/cr:wisv,kv,< n/cr:bdv,jv,RI,< n/cr:aubrblwnr,< acr,gulimv,lkwrjKwr:no. yU,swr:mv:yU, ywr.> lKwresnnr. anrbqnrj/wr:nignr,d (y/mr:lqwrWcr.wv; gLqnr:-Jain)kwr< av,jI,wgkwr< bunr,nv:mI:jJwr;mI:sqcrkwr yU,swr:wo.dcr:nmryU,> wdr.anrmI:jJwr;mI:sqcrmnr:egv; anrbqnr wdr. ej,dwnr,(set:anv,tbinr, hqdr:lU,)< wdr.bubr.bv,Rv,m (n/cr:wisv,kv, hqdr:lU,)< wdr.pigr.kunI, Rv,jgv,Rv,mkwrjKwr:no. mI:wo.nT:wqcr:no. mUdr:mUdr:yU,ywr.>

       mKwr;wo/:b/nr 12 ea,DI, mKwr;b/nrmU,slimr,kwr kwr;mKcr:mv:nnr. kwrawrpo:pwrbQdr; wdr.j/wr:budr.< j/wr:hinr,dU,kwr< j/wr:gLqnr:kwrgfv,bQdr;dcr:nmr> mKwr; 17 ea,DI, mKwr;bIkRidr. 1761 nnr. aicr:gidr.kwrmv:simr:awr mKcr:ainr:dI:yv:es tJcrmv:bI 1763 nnr. kicr:k/nr,nicr,gmr, (Chunningham) jcr,mv:Ed, kudr:szgr;hvkJnr: kzcrgwr,kzcrmznr j/wr:budr.> mKwr;pzcr:mnr:mv:kudr: kJnr:nnr. Wo:dI;wqcr:gwr,< wdr.gwr,ej,dwnr,jKwr:nnr. bqnr tKnr,bqnrkKwr:wo.lo/lo/noyU,> wo/:es mKcr:ainr:dI:yv: lo;lzdr; lQwr:swr:ekvkJnr:ywr. mKwr;bIkRidr. 1956 y/mr:mKwr;hqdr: b/crboz: budr.tjynrdi (b/crboz:mo/dzcr: bIsv,snv,tUnr;tJcr 2500) nnr. ncr,hJwrgUnr:j/wr:budr. gU;mKcr:mKcr: ebv:edlo; mv:wo;mv:sv kJnr:noEl; kwrjcr,kJnr:Em:egv, kJnr:Wo:wdr.gwr,< gzcr:mU:gwr, H; sucrkJnr;hv;tdr: H;mKnrWo:gwr,mnr:nnr.kJnr:noywr.> tJcrmv:bI 1985 nnr. kwrjcr,pzdr;kJnr: mU,jumr:kUnr.kfv.bJnr:gwr, mKcr: ainr:dI:yv: (Archaeological Survey of India)es jcr,aznr gnrkJnr: ticr:simr:bQcr:wo. kzcrgwr,kzcrmznrj/wr:budr. mKnrncr,Wo: wdr.gwr,Agzcr:mU:gwr, anrmI:nT:mKcr:ainr:dI:yv: gU;dI;dI;jKwr: nnr.yU,ywr.> tJcrmv: mKwr;wnr:ti 30.10.2000 nnr. kwrjcr, mgr:mnr:wv; dv,edlo;dUYr: dI;nnr; ebv:bqnrgUnr:nzgr;mKcr: edlo;bnr 2 edv,lv, nomv:yU,> 

2.              wdr.geR,Ri  (Grali Monastery)

  wdr.geRRino. bqnrwdr.anrmI:d/cr:Wcr,sudr:sudr: nT:wdr.ej,wwnr,nnr.ywr.> egv.lU,mnr:bqnr set:anv,t binr,ncr,gwr,> nT:wdr.no. mI:wo.Wcr;Cpv:El; Wcr;nznr:scr,kjwr; sibr:s/mrWcr;yU, ywr.> nT:g/crwdr.nnr. smr.mI:nmr. emv,lugr:wo. anrnJcr;yU,ywr.> wdr.no. lQbr;edkJnr:egv,s/cr; wo. mKwr;bI 10 ea,DI,nnr.noywr.>

3.              wdr.gnr,tgudI, (Gandhakuti)

 wdr.gnr,tgudI,no. bqnrwdr.anrmI:d/cr:Wcr, wdr.egv:smr,pggudI, mI:d/cr:j/nr:wdr.geR, Rinnr.ywr.> wdr.lcrno. jwr;dv,nmnr: bqnrset:anv,tbinr,yU,ywr.> dI;wdr.no. Cpv:bqnrjwr;hwr: awrwv,dv,sibr:gwr; wv,dqmrdqmrnoyU,> wdr.lcrno.anrcwr;cwr;mnr: lo;lqbr;hqnr: hU.wv; bqnrwdr.mo. smr.mI:jqdr:jnr.noywr.> wo/:esaicr:gidr.kwr kJnr:mv:kudr:nnr. kwrlo;hnrwv; awrmo.kJnr: hqdr:szcrbzgr;< smr.kJnr:awr audr,egv,wo. dnr:s/mrbzgr;noywr.> anrkJnr:hqdr: mKwr;lqwrno. lugr:Cpv:d/cr:gf/cr; mI: 9 tdr:bo/ 6 bQgr.< smr.mI:bv: Wcr;hbr.kQgr,wo.es dI;d/cr:kwr;d/cr: azgr,nnr. smr.hqdr:wo. dI;do;lU,dqnr: mKnrncr, mKwr;budr.tjwr;mI:nnr.noywr.> 

4.             wdr.gwr,egv:smr,pg (Kosambhakuti)

       wdr.gwr,egv:smr,pgno. y/nrgodUnr;pUwr:annr,dv, mzgr; 250 tdr:no.es wo/,nv;gfv,d/cr:azgr,> wdr.lcrno. mI:Wo: tmr;< d/cr:bo< kUwrlo< nmr.emv,lugr:< Wcr;a/br;nmr.jqmrjKwr:no. yU,> smr.mI:hunr,h/cr; budr.tjwr; mKwr;b/nrnJcr;ea,DI, (1^st century A.D) El; aubr:pcrwo.t/dr;gQwr; wo.lTnoywr.> wdr.lcr no. set:anv,tbinr, yKcr:a/nr:jU:dv,scr,kjwr;yU,swr: es hqdr:lU,wo.noyU,> wdr.aznr,szcrlcr anrmI:d/cr:Wcr, nmr. emv,bQdr,jqcr, himr:wdr.egv:smr,pgnnr. lcrnJcr; bqnrWo:wdr. jwr;acr,gulimv,les lcrnJcr;smr.bqnr Wo:wdr.jwr;sI,wli noyU,> 

5.              wdr.gwr,sllv,kv,R (Salalaghara Monastery)

       wdr.lUcrsllv,kv,Rno. mI:nT:w/cr:wdr.ej,dwnr,< mI: dI;jqcr,j/nr:wnr:dUgr:nnr.ywr.> wdr.no. bqnrwdr.kunrehvkmr: egv:slegv.hqdr:lU,> hU:pgr:dUmnr: wo/,gfv,d/cr:azgr,es nT:g/crwdr. nnr. smr.mI:wo. nv;linrbwr,anrnJcr;> dI;nv;linrbwr,nnr. smr.mI:wo.nmr.emv,lugr: anrnJcr;yU,> nv;linrbwr, anrmI:nmr.emv,lugr:wo.nnr. smr.mI:wo.Wo:lugr:nznr: 24 Wcr;yU,> dI;nKwrWo:wdr.gwr,nnr. lQbr;edkJnr: egv,s/cr;kJnr: mzgr;s/mrbzgr;no.ywr.noyU,>

6.              wdr.bubr.bv,Rv,m (bubr.bv,|ucr,) (Pubbarama Temple)   

  wdr.lUcrbubr.bv,Rv,mno. mI:wo.d/cr:azgr, wqcr:sv,wdr.tinnr.es jwr;dv,nmnr: bqnrn/cr: wisv,kv,yU,ywr.> y/mr:lqwrEd. yznr.bKwr;Em;nmr.ajiRwdI, ginrgfv,nmrnv,ywr.El; gJdr:gzcrh/dr,so/:wo.gUYr:ywr.> gUYr:gv; bqnrhJwregv;lI Wo:wdr. bubr.bv,Rv,mno. gUnr:lqbr;hqnr:bJnr:kwrwv; mnr:gUYr:mI: nzgr;w/cr: wdr.ej,dwnr,nnr.gUYr:noyU,ywr.> wdr.Rv,jigv,Rv,mEd. bqnrwdr.anrkunrehvkmr:egv: sl yKcr:jU:pigr.kU,nI,es d/nr:wo.nnr.ywr.> wdr.no. mI:wo.nT:Eg;g/crwqcr:El; wdr.ej, dwnr,nnr.noywr.> gUYr:gv; wv;nnresd edv,tJcry/mr:lqwr kudr:hvdI;mnr: ycr:bo,hnrnoyU,>

7.              dUnr;pUwr:annr,dv, (Bodhi tree)

         dUnr;pUwr:annr,dv,no. yznr.bKwr;bqnrmo/kbr: jwr;annr,dv,es bqnrmv:El; jcr,wv;dUnr;pUwr: annr,dv,no yU,ywr.> mKwr;aznrd/cr: jwr;annr,dv, y/mr;lwr;tJcr jwr; mhv,mzgr.gl/nr, lzcr;wv;dI;wdr.ej,dwnr,no.egv; lImI:dUnr;pUwr:noyU,> yznr.nnrEl; jKwr.dUnr; pUwr:no. jwr;mhv,mzgr.gl/nr, awrmv:dI;budr.tgyv,nnr.noyU,> mKwr;awrmv:nnr. mnr:jwr;awr mv:a/br;bnr dI;jwr;annr,dv,< jwr; annr,dv,smr. sJbr,awra/br;bnr dI;kunrehvkmr:egv:sl< kunrehvkmr:smr.  H;set:anv,tbinr, pugr,noyU,> y/mr:nnr set:anv,tbinr, jcr,awrdUnr; jKwr.pnr:nnr. gfv,pugr,wo. dI;nv;pgr:dUd/cr:kwr; wdr.lUcrej,dwnr,nnr.noyU,ywr.> dUnr;pUwr:no.egv; lo;hU.wv; mnr:y/mr;lU.lQwrmv: lo/bzgr;lo/pwr,nv,ywr.noyU,> dUnr;gmr:lJnr:no. lo;hU.wv; kJnr:awrmv: dI; mKcr:sI,hUwr,es kJnr:pugr,wo.noywr.>

8.              nmr.emv, dI;Cpv:bqnrjwr;sugr;dinr (The well)

     dI;nT:w/cr: wdr.lUcrej,dwnr, d/cr:nv;wdr. gnr,t gudI,El; hUcr:ehvtmr:(tmr,mv,|ucr,)nnr. mI:wo.nmr.emv,anr nJcr;> dI;nnr; lo;hU.wv; wo/:esducr:bqnr:mv:ywr. bqnrdI;Cpv: bqnrjwr;hwr: go.y/mr;mv:sugr;dinrdv,es,< smr.bqnrdI; anrmnr:jwr; awrtmr:dunr,lphv;bKcres scr,sznrbnr jwr; pigr.ku(Rh/nr:) kwrjwr;dcr:lo/dv,es,noyU,> ncr,hJwryugr: ygr:edamr,dUgr:sT,lo; nT:mnr:nnr. y/mr:lqwr pU;lumr:lv: mnr: awrkQcr:lqgr: hUmr,mucr:wo.nKwrmnr:yU,>

5.      lzodUnr;m/gr,mUcr;k/wr gdmr,b

       Cpv:bqnrjwr;hwr:no. awrlzcr;didr.ti anrmI:nT:mKcr: sv,wdr.tinnr. hqdr:lzcr;d/cr:mnr:es mnr:jwr;bUcrwv; wnr:lKnrbQdr,mUnr:nnr. edEnaUao/so/cwr:jwr;noyU,> mKwr;wnr:lKnrbQdr,mUnr: nnr. mnr:jwr;hbr.sucr: m/gr,mUcr;jo/:gnr,d jwr;sUnrm/gr,mUcr;nnr.es smr.kJnr:jT.mnr: pugr,dUnr;m/gr,mUcr:nnr.kJnr:> dUnr;m/gr,mUcr;nnr. ebv:wv;pugr,egv; gJcr.gcr.yT,lUcrmv: gmr:lqwrnoywr.> munrsQcrbudr.tjwr;hwr:egv; yU,dT; cwr;dUnr;m/gr,mUcr;nnr.es EnaUao/so/cwr: bqwrnmr.bqwrpo: jwr; edv,gUnr:jKwr:anr amr,yumr,ymrekv;scr,sznr mnr:jwr; jKwr:nnr.noyU,> wo/:es EnaUao/so/ cwr:jwr;ywr. dUwrmnr:jwr;(hqdr:szcry/crs/mrpv,dinr)es eyv:kicr:kJnr;gfv, mKcr:pI dv,wdicr,sv, bunr.noywr.> mKwr;mnr:jwr;yU,swr: nT:mKcr:pIdv,wdicr,sv,nnr. nT:wv,dcr:s/mrlKnr mnr:jwr; awrapitmr,mv, jqdr:pJnres ehv:EnkunrpIsnr,dusI,d anry/mr;bqnrEm;mnr:jwr;El; kunrpIdcr:lo/kwrnoywr.>

6.              nzcrlUmr, ed,wddr;El; Em;jinr,jmv,n

       dI;linraJnrkwrjKwr:no. dI;mo/dI;dzcr:mnr:Ed. amr, lo;hnrhqdr:wo.scr> gUYr:gv; lo;hU.wv; dI;linraJnr Em;jinr, jmv,nno. bqnrdI;nzgr;w/cr: wdr.ej,dwnr,nnr.noyU,ywr.> Wo:d/cr:kwr; w/cr:wdr.ej,dwnr,no. y/mr:lqwrlQbr;ed bqnrhimr:jqcr,j/nr:wnr:azgr, wdr.m/nr;mKwr;lqwrno. noywr.>   

         dI;linraJnr jwr;ed,wddr;Ed. bqnrdI;nmr.nzcr anrmI:himr: mKcr:sv,wdr.ti himr:lzo dUnr;m/gr,mUcr;k/wrnnr.noywr.> jwr;ed,wddr;no. wo/:esmnr: nQcrjTnQcrekv:kJnr: lzcr;anrmnr: lo;pidr:mQnr; bnr,jnnr,dRiyg/mr, anrlo;awrlKdr;hUwrEm;dinr Cpv:bqnrjwr;azgr, nnr.nv, ywr. lugr.awr dI;gyv,sI,ses a/cr;mv:yznr:nzmr:kJnr: budr.tjwr; dI;mKcr: sv,wdr.tiyU,ywr.> y/mr:mKwr; mnr:jwr;mv:tJcr dI;nmr.nzcrnnr. dUwrmnr:yinr: mo;mo;lKdr,lKdr,mv:nv,es jT.w/cr:lUcr: ewv:h/mrmnr: dI;nzgr;w/cr:wdr. ej,dwnr,nnr.noywr.> ebv: wv;w/cr:lUcr:ncr,nnr yznr.bKwr; bnr,jnnr,dRiyg/mr,nnr.El; linraJnrmnr:jwr; gfv,bQdr;dI;nnr;noywr.>