ထုင္ꨵလိꨓ္ေပꨣးထိꨁမ္း: 2012-09-23

Tuesday, September 25, 2012

သꨣꨲဝတ္ꨵထိ တီꨳပုတ္ꨵထꨅဝ္ꨳꨡဝ္ဝꨣꨟိုင္လိူဝ္ပိူꨓ္ꨳ

1. wqcr:gwr,sv,wdr.ti

wqcr:gwr,sv,wdrtino. ebv:lugr.awrdI; wqcr:bv,RnsI, (migdv,wnr,) esgfv,jJcr mI: 347 gI,lUwr,mI,tKwr,yU,ywr.>

wqcr:no. y/mr:lqwrkwr;bv:wo. nT:ej;dznr;audr.dR bR dqdr.sLr< ej;wqcr:sv,wdr.tiwo.yU,ywr.> wqcr:no. gUnr:bzdr: dznr;nnr. kwrWcr.wv; @mhdr.#(Maheth) noes Wo:wdr.gwr, ej,dwnr,nnr. kwrsmr.Wcr.wv; @shdr.# (Saheth)noyU,> dI;wqcr:gwr,sv,wdrtino. mI:wo.Wo:h/cr;ehvgwr, kunrehvkmr:egv slEl; n/cr:ehvkmr:mnr,ligv,kwr y/mr;yU,swr:mv:nnr.yU,> mKwr;b/nrCpv:bqnrjwr;nnr. bqnrwqcr:lUcrbzdr:Wcr, mKcr:ainr:dI:yv: anrnJcr;es yznr.mnr:bqnrwqcr: anrlIebLv,lImUnr;wo.El; mnr:jwr;y/mr;awrwv, yU,swr:mv: dv,k/wr:y/mr: s/wr:hv;wv,dqmr dqmrnoyU,ywr.> lKwresnnr. mKwr;b/nrCpv:bqnrjwr;nnr. anrbqnrkunrwiddU,b< hUwrsJgr:lUcrbnr,tul< bunr,nv:bzgr.kR sv,di< set:anv,tbinr,< n/cr:wisv,kv,< n/cr:bdv,jv,RI,< n/cr:aubrblwnr,< acr,gulimv,lkwrjKwr:no. yU,swr:mv:yU, ywr.> lKwresnnr. anrbqnrj/wr:nignr,d (y/mr:lqwrWcr.wv; gLqnr:-Jain)kwr< av,jI,wgkwr< bunr,nv:mI:jJwr;mI:sqcrkwr yU,swr:wo.dcr:nmryU,> wdr.anrmI:jJwr;mI:sqcrmnr:egv; anrbqnr wdr. ej,dwnr,(set:anv,tbinr, hqdr:lU,)< wdr.bubr.bv,Rv,m (n/cr:wisv,kv, hqdr:lU,)< wdr.pigr.kunI, Rv,jgv,Rv,mkwrjKwr:no. mI:wo.nT:wqcr:no. mUdr:mUdr:yU,ywr.>

mKwr;wo/:b/nr 12 ea,DI, mKwr;b/nrmU,slimr,kwr kwr;mKcr:mv:nnr. kwrawrpo:pwrbQdr; wdr.j/wr:budr.< j/wr:hinr,dU,kwr< j/wr:gLqnr:kwrgfv,bQdr;dcr:nmr> mKwr; 17 ea,DI, mKwr;bIkRidr. 1761 nnr. aicr:gidr.kwrmv:simr:awr mKcr:ainr:dI:yv:es tJcrmv:bI 1763 nnr. kicr:k/nr,nicr,gmr, (Chunningham) jcr,mv:Ed, kudr:szgr;hvkJnr: kzcrgwr,kzcrmznr j/wr:budr.> mKwr;pzcr:mnr:mv:kudr: kJnr:nnr. Wo:dI;wqcr:gwr,< wdr.gwr,ej,dwnr,jKwr:nnr. bqnr tKnr,bqnrkKwr:wo.lo/lo/noyU,> wo/:es mKcr:ainr:dI:yv: lo;lzdr; lQwr:swr:ekvkJnr:ywr. mKwr;bIkRidr. 1956 y/mr:mKwr;hqdr: b/crboz: budr.tjynrdi (b/crboz:mo/dzcr: bIsv,snv,tUnr;tJcr 2500) nnr. ncr,hJwrgUnr:j/wr:budr. gU;mKcr:mKcr: ebv:edlo; mv:wo;mv:sv kJnr:noEl; kwrjcr,kJnr:Em:egv, kJnr:Wo:wdr.gwr,< gzcr:mU:gwr, H; sucrkJnr;hv;tdr: H;mKnrWo:gwr,mnr:nnr.kJnr:noywr.> tJcrmv:bI 1985 nnr. kwrjcr,pzdr;kJnr: mU,jumr:kUnr.kfv.bJnr:gwr, mKcr: ainr:dI:yv: (Archaeological Survey of India)es jcr,aznr gnrkJnr: ticr:simr:bQcr:wo. kzcrgwr,kzcrmznrj/wr:budr. mKnrncr,Wo: wdr.gwr,Agzcr:mU:gwr, anrmI:nT:mKcr:ainr:dI:yv: gU;dI;dI;jKwr: nnr.yU,ywr.> tJcrmv: mKwr;wnr:ti 30.10.2000 nnr. kwrjcr, mgr:mnr:wv; dv,edlo;dUYr: dI;nnr; ebv:bqnrgUnr:nzgr;mKcr: edlo;bnr 2 edv,lv, nomv:yU,>

2. wdr.geR,Ri (Grali Monastery)

wdr.geRRino. bqnrwdr.anrmI:d/cr:Wcr,sudr:sudr: nT:wdr.ej,wwnr,nnr.ywr.> egv.lU,mnr:bqnr set:anv,t binr,ncr,gwr,> nT:wdr.no. mI:wo.Wcr;Cpv:El; Wcr;nznr:scr,kjwr; sibr:s/mrWcr;yU, ywr.> nT:g/crwdr.nnr. smr.mI:nmr. emv,lugr:wo. anrnJcr;yU,ywr.> wdr.no. lQbr;edkJnr:egv,s/cr; wo. mKwr;bI 10 ea,DI,nnr.noywr.>

3. wdr.gnr,tgudI, (Gandhakuti)

wdr.gnr,tgudI,no. bqnrwdr.anrmI:d/cr:Wcr, wdr.egv:smr,pggudI, mI:d/cr:j/nr:wdr.geR, Rinnr.ywr.> wdr.lcrno. jwr;dv,nmnr: bqnrset:anv,tbinr,yU,ywr.> dI;wdr.no. Cpv:bqnrjwr;hwr: awrwv,dv,sibr:gwr; wv,dqmrdqmrnoyU,> wdr.lcrno.anrcwr;cwr;mnr: lo;lqbr;hqnr: hU.wv; bqnrwdr.mo. smr.mI:jqdr:jnr.noywr.> wo/:esaicr:gidr.kwr kJnr:mv:kudr:nnr. kwrlo;hnrwv; awrmo.kJnr: hqdr:szcrbzgr;< smr.kJnr:awr audr,egv,wo. dnr:s/mrbzgr;noywr.> anrkJnr:hqdr: mKwr;lqwrno. lugr:Cpv:d/cr:gf/cr; mI: 9 tdr:bo/ 6 bQgr.< smr.mI:bv: Wcr;hbr.kQgr,wo.es dI;d/cr:kwr;d/cr: azgr,nnr. smr.hqdr:wo. dI;do;lU,dqnr: mKnrncr, mKwr;budr.tjwr;mI:nnr.noywr.>

4. wdr.gwr,egv:smr,pg (Kosambhakuti)

wdr.gwr,egv:smr,pgno. y/nrgodUnr;pUwr:annr,dv, mzgr; 250 tdr:no.es wo/,nv;gfv,d/cr:azgr,> wdr.lcrno. mI:Wo: tmr;< d/cr:bo< kUwrlo< nmr.emv,lugr:< Wcr;a/br;nmr.jqmrjKwr:no. yU,> smr.mI:hunr,h/cr; budr.tjwr; mKwr;b/nrnJcr;ea,DI, (1^st century A.D) El; aubr:pcrwo.t/dr;gQwr; wo.lTnoywr.> wdr.lcr no. set:anv,tbinr, yKcr:a/nr:jU:dv,scr,kjwr;yU,swr: es hqdr:lU,wo.noyU,> wdr.aznr,szcrlcr anrmI:d/cr:Wcr, nmr. emv,bQdr,jqcr, himr:wdr.egv:smr,pgnnr. lcrnJcr; bqnrWo:wdr. jwr;acr,gulimv,les lcrnJcr;smr.bqnr Wo:wdr.jwr;sI,wli noyU,>

5. wdr.gwr,sllv,kv,R (Salalaghara Monastery)

wdr.lUcrsllv,kv,Rno. mI:nT:w/cr:wdr.ej,dwnr,< mI: dI;jqcr,j/nr:wnr:dUgr:nnr.ywr.> wdr.no. bqnrwdr.kunrehvkmr: egv:slegv.hqdr:lU,> hU:pgr:dUmnr: wo/,gfv,d/cr:azgr,es nT:g/crwdr. nnr. smr.mI:wo. nv;linrbwr,anrnJcr;> dI;nv;linrbwr,nnr. smr.mI:wo.nmr.emv,lugr: anrnJcr;yU,> nv;linrbwr, anrmI:nmr.emv,lugr:wo.nnr. smr.mI:wo.Wo:lugr:nznr: 24 Wcr;yU,> dI;nKwrWo:wdr.gwr,nnr. lQbr;edkJnr: egv,s/cr;kJnr: mzgr;s/mrbzgr;no.ywr.noyU,>

6. wdr.bubr.bv,Rv,m (bubr.bv,|ucr,) (Pubbarama Temple)

wdr.lUcrbubr.bv,Rv,mno. mI:wo.d/cr:azgr, wqcr:sv,wdr.tinnr.es jwr;dv,nmnr: bqnrn/cr: wisv,kv,yU,ywr.> y/mr:lqwrEd. yznr.bKwr;Em;nmr.ajiRwdI, ginrgfv,nmrnv,ywr.El; gJdr:gzcrh/dr,so/:wo.gUYr:ywr.> gUYr:gv; bqnrhJwregv;lI Wo:wdr. bubr.bv,Rv,mno. gUnr:lqbr;hqnr:bJnr:kwrwv; mnr:gUYr:mI: nzgr;w/cr: wdr.ej,dwnr,nnr.gUYr:noyU,ywr.> wdr.Rv,jigv,Rv,mEd. bqnrwdr.anrkunrehvkmr:egv: sl yKcr:jU:pigr.kU,nI,es d/nr:wo.nnr.ywr.> wdr.no. mI:wo.nT:Eg;g/crwqcr:El; wdr.ej, dwnr,nnr.noywr.> gUYr:gv; wv;nnresd edv,tJcry/mr:lqwr kudr:hvdI;mnr: ycr:bo,hnrnoyU,>

7. dUnr;pUwr:annr,dv, (Bodhi tree)

dUnr;pUwr:annr,dv,no. yznr.bKwr;bqnrmo/kbr: jwr;annr,dv,es bqnrmv:El; jcr,wv;dUnr;pUwr: annr,dv,no yU,ywr.> mKwr;aznrd/cr: jwr;annr,dv, y/mr;lwr;tJcr jwr; mhv,mzgr.gl/nr, lzcr;wv;dI;wdr.ej,dwnr,no.egv; lImI:dUnr;pUwr:noyU,> yznr.nnrEl; jKwr.dUnr; pUwr:no. jwr;mhv,mzgr.gl/nr, awrmv:dI;budr.tgyv,nnr.noyU,> mKwr;awrmv:nnr. mnr:jwr;awr mv:a/br;bnr dI;jwr;annr,dv,< jwr; annr,dv,smr. sJbr,awra/br;bnr dI;kunrehvkmr:egv:sl< kunrehvkmr:smr. H;set:anv,tbinr, pugr,noyU,> y/mr:nnr set:anv,tbinr, jcr,awrdUnr; jKwr.pnr:nnr. gfv,pugr,wo. dI;nv;pgr:dUd/cr:kwr; wdr.lUcrej,dwnr,nnr.noyU,ywr.> dUnr;pUwr:no.egv; lo;hU.wv; mnr:y/mr;lU.lQwrmv: lo/bzgr;lo/pwr,nv,ywr.noyU,> dUnr;gmr:lJnr:no. lo;hU.wv; kJnr:awrmv: dI; mKcr:sI,hUwr,es kJnr:pugr,wo.noywr.>

8. nmr.emv, dI;Cpv:bqnrjwr;sugr;dinr (The well)

dI;nT:w/cr: wdr.lUcrej,dwnr, d/cr:nv;wdr. gnr,t gudI,El; hUcr:ehvtmr:(tmr,mv,|ucr,)nnr. mI:wo.nmr.emv,anr nJcr;> dI;nnr; lo;hU.wv; wo/:esducr:bqnr:mv:ywr. bqnrdI;Cpv: bqnrjwr;hwr: go.y/mr;mv:sugr;dinrdv,es,< smr.bqnrdI; anrmnr:jwr; awrtmr:dunr,lphv;bKcres scr,sznrbnr jwr; pigr.ku(Rh/nr:) kwrjwr;dcr:lo/dv,es,noyU,> ncr,hJwryugr: ygr:edamr,dUgr:sT,lo; nT:mnr:nnr. y/mr:lqwr pU;lumr:lv: mnr: awrkQcr:lqgr: hUmr,mucr:wo.nKwrmnr:yU,>

5. lzodUnr;m/gr,mUcr;k/wr gdmr,b

Cpv:bqnrjwr;hwr:no. awrlzcr;didr.ti anrmI:nT:mKcr: sv,wdr.tinnr. hqdr:lzcr;d/cr:mnr:es mnr:jwr;bUcrwv; wnr:lKnrbQdr,mUnr:nnr. edEnaUao/so/cwr:jwr;noyU,> mKwr;wnr:lKnrbQdr,mUnr: nnr. mnr:jwr;hbr.sucr: m/gr,mUcr;jo/:gnr,d jwr;sUnrm/gr,mUcr;nnr.es smr.kJnr:jT.mnr: pugr,dUnr;m/gr,mUcr:nnr.kJnr:> dUnr;m/gr,mUcr;nnr. ebv:wv;pugr,egv; gJcr.gcr.yT,lUcrmv: gmr:lqwrnoywr.> munrsQcrbudr.tjwr;hwr:egv; yU,dT; cwr;dUnr;m/gr,mUcr;nnr.es EnaUao/so/cwr: bqwrnmr.bqwrpo: jwr; edv,gUnr:jKwr:anr amr,yumr,ymrekv;scr,sznr mnr:jwr; jKwr:nnr.noyU,> wo/:es EnaUao/so/ cwr:jwr;ywr. dUwrmnr:jwr;(hqdr:szcry/crs/mrpv,dinr)es eyv:kicr:kJnr;gfv, mKcr:pI dv,wdicr,sv, bunr.noywr.> mKwr;mnr:jwr;yU,swr: nT:mKcr:pIdv,wdicr,sv,nnr. nT:wv,dcr:s/mrlKnr mnr:jwr; awrapitmr,mv, jqdr:pJnres ehv:EnkunrpIsnr,dusI,d anry/mr;bqnrEm;mnr:jwr;El; kunrpIdcr:lo/kwrnoywr.>

6. nzcrlUmr, ed,wddr;El; Em;jinr,jmv,n

dI;linraJnrkwrjKwr:no. dI;mo/dI;dzcr:mnr:Ed. amr, lo;hnrhqdr:wo.scr> gUYr:gv; lo;hU.wv; dI;linraJnr Em;jinr, jmv,nno. bqnrdI;nzgr;w/cr: wdr.ej,dwnr,nnr.noyU,ywr.> Wo:d/cr:kwr; w/cr:wdr.ej,dwnr,no. y/mr:lqwrlQbr;ed bqnrhimr:jqcr,j/nr:wnr:azgr, wdr.m/nr;mKwr;lqwrno. noywr.>

dI;linraJnr jwr;ed,wddr;Ed. bqnrdI;nmr.nzcr anrmI:himr: mKcr:sv,wdr.ti himr:lzo dUnr;m/gr,mUcr;k/wrnnr.noywr.> jwr;ed,wddr;no. wo/:esmnr: nQcrjTnQcrekv:kJnr: lzcr;anrmnr: lo;pidr:mQnr; bnr,jnnr,dRiyg/mr, anrlo;awrlKdr;hUwrEm;dinr Cpv:bqnrjwr;azgr, nnr.nv, ywr. lugr.awr dI;gyv,sI,ses a/cr;mv:yznr:nzmr:kJnr: budr.tjwr; dI;mKcr: sv,wdr.tiyU,ywr.> y/mr:mKwr; mnr:jwr;mv:tJcr dI;nmr.nzcrnnr. dUwrmnr:yinr: mo;mo;lKdr,lKdr,mv:nv,es jT.w/cr:lUcr: ewv:h/mrmnr: dI;nzgr;w/cr:wdr. ej,dwnr,nnr.noywr.> ebv: wv;w/cr:lUcr:ncr,nnr yznr.bKwr; bnr,jnnr,dRiyg/mr,nnr.El; linraJnrmnr:jwr; gfv,bQdr;dI;nnr;noywr.>

Monday, September 24, 2012

သမ္ေဝꨅꨓီꨲယ သီꨲတီꨳ ꨬလꨳ ꨡဝိꨅꨟိတ သီꨲတီꨳ

သမ္ေဝꨅꨓီယ သီꨲꨲတီꨳ

jwr;annr,dv,no. awrgf/mr:bv;dT;nnr.es lwr;tJcrCpv:bqnrjwr; y/mr:mKwr;mnr:jwr; jmred awrmhv,bRinibr.b/nr,nnr.yU,>

@@Cpv:bqnrjwr;hwr:dI;kv;! y/mr:mKwr;munrsQcrkmr:Cpv: bqnrjwr;dJgr.mI:yU, nT:mKcr:gUnr:Ed. ebv:azgr,wv,azzgr,svmv: scr,kkwrjwr; ycr:mI:sunr,dv,edlo;wo; lo;sv lo;hUbr.lo;tUbr:Cpv:bqnrjwr; hwr:yU,> wo/:esmunrsQcrmunrkmr:Cpv:bqnr jwr;awrmhv,bRinibr.b/nr,gfv,ywr.Ed. yznr.scr,kkwrjwr; edamr,mv:ywr.El; edmI:dI;lTtQcr; dznr;dv,jwr;scr,kpU;gUnr:lIkwr edlo;tUbr:dI;kv;< mnr:dJnr:edamr,mI:ywr.dI; kv;# noyU,>

y/mr:nnr munrsQcrkmr:Cpv:bqnrjwr; jcr,wv; @@jwr;annr,dv,aUYr.! dznr;dv,pU;gUnr:lIkwr jKwr:anrmI: lzcr;nbr.ymr nKwrRdnv,gQwr;mQdr;dcr:s/mr< jKwr:anrmI: sdr.tv,Cdv:lIkwrno. dI;anr kwrlIgfv,awrsmr,ew,gno. mI:sI,dI;aKwr;> lJnr:lo/:wo/:no. jwr;pigr.ku(Rh/nr:)kwr< jwr;pigr.kunI,(Rh/nr: n/cr:yicr:)kwr< aubv,sgv,jo/:kwr< aubvsigv,yicr:kwr jKwr:anrmI:sdr.tv,Cdv:dqmrtUnr;jKwr:nnr. kwredmv:wo;mv:sv nT:sI,dI;jKwr:no.aKwr;## noywr.> sI,dI;anrwv;no.-

(1) sUnrsKwr:lumr,pInI, dI;budr.tjwr; gKdr,hnr nv;mv:>

(2) budr.tgv,yv, dI;anrCpv:bqnrjwr; hU.hnr lQcr:tmr:es bqnrCpv:mv:>

(3) sUnrsKwr:lUcrdJcr migdv, dI;anrCpv:bqnr jwr; ehv:tmr:tmr,mj/gr;hUwrbJcr:>

(4) sUnrsKwr:bv,mo.bwr: kunrmnr,lv, mKcr:gusinv, Rv, (gusin|ucr,) dI;budr.tjwr; awrmhv,bRi nibr.b/nr, bqnrsI,dI;jKwr:no.ywr.>

nT:sI,dI;no. Wcr.smr,ew,jnI,ysI,dI;noyU,>

ꨡဝိꨅꨟိတ သီꨲတီꨳ

lKwressmr,ew,jnI,ysI,dI;nnr. gUnr:wo;Cpv:kwr edlo;wo;lo;svbv: dnr:hqcr:anrwv; awij hidsI,dI; anrwv;nnr.yU,> awijhidanrwv;no. mI:dI;bzcr,wv; amr, pv;bQdr;lo;< bzcr,wv; dI;anrCpv: bqnrjwr;kwr gU;dUnrdUnramr,pv;bQdr;lo;< dJnr:edlo;mv:bqnrAYv:kJnr:dI;nnr; digr:digr:nonnr. yU,> sI,dI;jKwr:nnr.-

(1) dUnr;pUwr:AdUnr;mo.Yzcr,El; bnr,l/cr,hUcr:sQcr budr.tgv,yv, dI;anrCpv:bqnrjwr; hU.hnrlQcr: tmr:es bqnrCpv:mv:>

(2) sUnrsKwr:lUcrdJcr migdv, dI;anrCpv:bqnr jwr; ehv:tmr:tmr,mj/gr; hUwrbJcr:>

(3) wdr.gnr,tgudI, anrmI:nT:wdr. ej,dwnr, mKcr:sv,wdr;ti>

(4) mKcr:scr,gsrsngv,Ascr,gsrsngUwr, y/mr: mKwr;Cpv:bqnrjwr;kwr lugr.mKcr:pIes kJnr:lUcr:mv:mKcr: gUnr:nnr. dI;anrhUwrkUwrlogQwr;s/mr anrmv:sKgr;;mKcr:gUnr: bqnrjKwr:no.ywr.> awijhidsI,dI;jKwr:no. Cpv:bqnrjwr;dUnrlT lznr.gI;mv:egv; sI,dI;no. dJnr:edlo;mv:Yv:kJnr:< dJnr:edamr,Ew;y/nrlo;no yU,>

jzmr:awrekv;gf/mr: mhv,bRinibrbnr,nsudr; mzgr,Enmv:bv;nKwrno.es ebv:k/wr:y/mr: azgr,wv,azgr, svmv: gUnr:j/wr: budr.dUwr;lUgr; jqmrmKcr:bzdr:dUgr: mKnrncr, mKcr:aem,Rig/nr,< aicr,gl/nr,< eav:sed: RI:yv:< ken,DKwr,< F RQnr.< mKcr:ea:sLv: mKnrncr,mKcr:to:< mKcr:l/wr:< gmr,ebv:dI: yv:< mKcr:m/nr;< mKcr:ek,< to,w/nr,< Wcr,gzcr,< jicr,gv,pUwr,< wQdr.n/mr:< dibQdr.< mzcr,gUwr:RI:yv:< bU,d/nr,jKwr:anrej,dnv,sdr. tv,Cdv:dqmrtUnr;kwr aznrgnrmv:wo;mv:sv smr, ew,jnI,ysI,dI;jKwr:no. ebv:gJnr:lUcrwo. gU;k/wr:y/mr:>

nT:jKwr:gUnr:mv:wo;mv:svjKwr:no. bI;nzcr.do:hwr:egv; nT:k/wr:y/mr:szcrs/mrbImv:no. emvaznrgnr awrk/wr:y/mr:lIsunr,dUwr k/mr,sqcr;cJnr:dzcr:es mv:hvhqdr:g/nrlIgusUwr,< mv:hvlqbr;hqnr: hvawrd/cr:hU. dI;nv;linrtzdr;mQdr;jKwr:nnr.yU,> jKwr:no. edlo;wv;bqnr lzcr;kJbr;nv;mv:anr nJcr;yU,> g/nrel,w/nr;el,mKcr: azgr,w/nr;azgr,mKcr:no. mnr:hqdr:H;gUnr:hwr: binr,bQcrlQgr;lo/; kJnr;yT,dKwr:dznr: mv:lKwrgwr,lo; anrnJcr;yU,> jzmr:ncr,pU;dQmr;kwrdUwrtUbr: nJcr;bIno. mnr:edamr,dQmr, mzgr;nJcr;b/gr, no.> mv:aQwrmv:tJcrywr. dv,edlo;d/cr:hU. jbr:dUwrjbr:kicr:wo. dI;no;bqnrjKcr:no dI;nnr;bqnrjKcr. nnr nojKwr:nnr.egv; lmr,lzcr;wo.Ed.Ed.> mv:hnrlo/lo/ amr,lo;mo/lo/dzcr:wo. scregv; lQbr;edamr, ebv:mI:pznr:lI< amr,gJcr,mv:Wdr;mv: tJcr< amr,j/cr;ko; EnbI;Ennzcr.< Enlugr;Enl/nrscrlo;>

yznr.nnres nT:nv;linrjKwr:nnr. ncr,hJwrbI; nzcr.do:hwr:egv; ebv:edlo; d/cr:hU.d/cr:hnr< emvl/dr; lo;ko;j/cr; jqmrbJnr:mnr:aidr:aI; mI:yKcr:a/nr:ncr,noes jcr,lo;kdr:jT gqbr:Wmrdzmrawr ekv;munr:nT:nv;linr tzdr;mQdr;jKwr:nnr.yU,> wv;nnresd yznr.bKwr;lo;himr awrk/wr:y/mr: nT:nv;g/nregv,s/cr;wdr.mT,hwr:nnr.es dUcr.nJcrEl; dv,H;mnr:ebv:dqmrtUnr; bqcr:aUgr:bqcr:jTlo; lI lIEd. edbo,bqnrlo;noegv;yumr,ymryU,> mo.aznr,ey; wv: kv:aznr,ey;dQbr:Ed. dJnr:bnrlo;ekv; mnr;jT dv,bI;nzcr.sdr.tv:do:hwr:kwryU,> H;aznrgnryU,lImI:sunr, lo;d/cr:hU.yT,nmr H;gLv.nT:mKcr:pI H;lInT:mKcr:gUnr:gnryT, yT,nmrnmrgnresgmr:>

jwr;kU:bYvsIRi

ꨀုသိꨓꨀꨣ တီꨳပုတ္ꨵထꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨡဝ္ꨓိပ္ꨵပꨤꨓ္ꨲ

wqcr:gusinRv,Agusingv,no. gosUnrsKwr:lumr,pinI, 110 lgr:es smr.mI:nT:audr.dR bRdQdr.sLrwo.yU,> gUnr:mKcr: ainr:dI:yv: kwrEd.Wcr.wv; gusingv,(Kusinagar) m/nr;kwr smr. Wcr.gusin|ucr,noyU,> mKwr;b/nrCpv:bqnrjwr;nnr. wqcr:no. bqnrwqcr:lUcr kunrmnr,lv,kwryU,ywr.> mKwr;pzcr: hv;-hUgr:bI,jI, nnr. (5^th and 6^th century B.C) mKcr:ainr:dI:yv:bzdr:Wcr, mKcr: no.lo;wv;bqnr mKcr:pzcr:cmr:hcr:ekv> wo/:esbudr.tjwr; awrbRi nibr.b/nr,gfv, amr,ebv:hJcr kunrehvkmr:ajv,dsdr; simr:awr es awrkwr;nT:dKcr:mgtgfv,>

Cpv:bqnrjwr;hwr:no. dv,sI,sibr:bo/hv;wv,dqmrdqmr El,hvehv:Cdv:bnrr pIs/crsdr:gUnr: dI;nJcr;ywr.dI; nJcr;es tJcrmKwr;av,yujwr;lo; bQdr,sibr:nnr. dv,jwr;edawrnibr.b/nr, mnr:jwr;lugr.awr mKcr:bv,wv,es mv:mKcr:gusinRv,yU,ywr.> nT: k/wr:d/cr:nnr. mnr:jwr;mv:gJdr: lJwr;dI;sUnrsKwr: jo/:junr, d emvkqnr,kmr:nnr. kJnr:nJcr;> tJcrg/crnTmv: mnr:jwr;hbr. ducr:awr nKwr.mUc/nraznr, anrjo/: junr,d d/nr:nnr.es sJbr,k/wr:d/cr:tQcr;> y/mr:mKwr;mv:jzmr:d/cr:nnr. gzbr;bKwr;mnr: jwr;sucr: nKwr.mU nnr.El; dzcr.mnr:jwr;gfv,Ed.gfv,wv;> tJcr mKwr;mv:Wdr;tJcr Em;nmr.ggutv,nnr. kwrjwr;jcr,aznrgnr gJdr:lJwr;es mv:a/br,nmr.dI;nnr;> k/wr:d/cr:mKcr:bv,wv, tJcrgusinRv,no. mI:hUgr:lgr:< nT:k/wr:d/cr: hUgr:lgr:nnr. yznr.bKwr; hKwr.aUnr;nUnr:jTnv,El; lo;gJdr:lJwr; mzgr;s/wr:hv;dI;no.no yU,> wo/:es nnr. ebv:wv;k/mr;Em;nmr. hiRYr,YwdI,egv; tJcrmv: nT:sUnrsKwr:mo.bwr: kunrmnr,lv,kwrnnr.yU,> ebv:wv;tJcrdI; nnr; mnr:jwr;jcr,H; awrgU,dmr:nT:Eg;g/cr dUnr;mo.bwr:numr, szcrdUnr;nnr.es wo/,hUwrgfv,jU: nv;d/cr:Wcr,> ebv:wv;sKwr,ywr. lIc/mr: mnr:jwr;awrhUwrwo/,jU: nv;d/cr:Wcr,es nznr:kI;gQcr:po/, kfv nKwrgU,nnr.yU,>

mKwr;wnr:nnr. k/wr:y/mr:g/crkmr; dznr;jwr.nnr. mnr: jwr;ehv:tmr: bnrkunrmnr,lv,kwr< dznr;lJgr:nnr. mnr:jwr; ehv:tmr:bnr jwr;supdr.d< dznr;nv;mKcr:jmrlQcr:nnr. mnr:jwr; ehv:En scr,kjwr; dcr:lo/jKwr:nnr.yU,> tJcrmKwr; wnr:lKnrhUgr:mUnr: bImhv,sgrgR/jr; 148< bIBI,jI, 543 nnr. budr.tjwr;awr anubdiessnibr.b/nr,es mzdr,wzdr;bQdr; d/cr:k/nrjTscr, kv,RlUcrnnr. gfv,dI;nnr;yU,ywr.> anrbqnr k/br;dUwrbudr.tjwr;nnr. dv,k/wr:y/mr:hUgr:wnr:dqmrdqmr bnrH; gUnr:dcr:lo/ awrgzcrmzcr:kKcr;ho,dJcr;El; mzgr,yv;Wmr hUYr:bU,jv, (bU,ejv,)lIlIc/mr:c/mr:esywr. tJcrmKwr;lo; jqdr: wnr:nnr. jcr,awrt/dr;po: mo;k/br;dUwrjwr; dI;gzcr:mU: mgutbnr,tn nnr.yU,>

1. wdr.Cpv:bqnrjwr; awrnibr.b/nr, (Nirvana Temple)

nT:wdr.Cpv:awrnibr.b/nr,nnr. mI:hunr,h/cr;budr.tjwr; awrnibr.b/nr,wo.dUnrnJcr;> hunr,h/cr;no. kQgr:m/gr,hinrlmrhqdr: wo.es d/cr:y/wr:mnr: mI: 6 mI,tKwr,no.noywr.> y/mr:lqwrEd. yznr.bKwr;aznrgnr dqgr:kmr:digr:digr:El; h/cr;sIm/gr,hinrlmr nnr. amr,azgr,es azgr,bqnrsIkmr:wo.gUYr:> hunr,h/cr;no. bqnr hunr,h/cr;Cpv:nznr: awrhUwrmnr:jwr; gfv,d/cr:Wcr,es wo/,nv;gfv, nv;d/cr:dUgr:wo.> wdr.no. lUcrbzcrjJcr; mKcr:ainr:dI:yv: egv, s/cr;mv: mKwr;bI 1956 anrhqdr:dI;mo/dzcr:wo. bIbudr.tjynr,di< dI;mo/dzcr: bIsv,snv,tUnr;tJcr 2500 dqmrnnr.noywr.>

2. gzcr:mU:mhv,bRinibr.b/nr, (Nirvana Stupa)

gzcr:mU:no. mI:himr:wdr. dI;budr.tjwr;awrbRinibr.b/nr, nnr.yU,> gzcr:mU:no. yKcr:jU:dI;anrmnr:jwr; awrmhv,bRi nibr.b/nr,nnr.es hqdr:s/cr,egv,dcr;wo.>

3. gzcr:mU:acr,gv,R amr,nnr mgutbnr,tn

gzcr:mU:no.smr. mI:d/cr:azgr, gzcr:mU:Cpv:bqnrjwr; awrbRi nibr.b/nr,nnr.yU,> dznr;dv,gUnr:wo;Cpv:kwr edtJcrlo;dI; nnr; awrgv:esgfv,egv; lo;co/;co/;yU,> gzcr:mU:no. yznr.bKwr;hqdr: wo. dI;kunrmnr,lv,kwr gwr;mUYr;gwr;kwrnnr.El; jcr,d/cr,jJwr; wv; gzcr:mU:mgutbnr,tnnoyU,> bKcrnJcr;egv; yznr.bKwr;awr t/nr,po: anrjudr,k/br;dUwrbudr.tjwr; anrgJdr:jKwr:nnr.es Ed,gzcr:mU:wo.El; gzcr:mU:acr,gv,Rno egv;Wcr.yU,>

4. dI;munrkmr:Cpv:bqnrjwr; sugr;nmr.

dI;no;smr. mI:nT:Eg;g/cr gzcr:mU:mgutbnr,tnEl; gzcr: mU:mhv,bRinibr.b/nr,nnr.yU,> dI;no; mI:hunr,h/cr;budr.tjwr; dJgr.kwr;s/nr,yU,>

သူꨓ္သိူဝ္းလုမ္ꨲပိꨓီꨲ တီꨳပုတ္ꨵထꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨀိူတ္ꨲꨟꨓ္ꨓꨣꨳꨬမꨳ

lumr,BinI,no. mI:nT:mKcr:nI,ebv:< y/nrgolQnrlinr mKcr: ainr:dI:yv: 10 gI,lUwr,mI,tKwr,> y/nrgowqcr: sv,wdr.ti 221 gI, lUwr,mI,tKwr,> smr.y/nrgo wqcr:gusinRv,Agusingv, 150 gI,lUwr, mI,tKwr,no.yU,ywr.> ebv:lugr.awr dI;egv:Rgr.bU, (Gorakhpur)< ej;dznr;audrdRbRdQdr.es jzmr:lUdr.lqnr:gfv, jqcr,Wcr, wnr:azgr, jzmr:sqnr;d/cr:nzdr.tnr:wv: (Nautanwa) nnr. jJcr go 20 gI,lUwr,mI,tKwr,> scrlugr.awrdI; bdrsdi(Basti)es jzmr:lUdr.lqnr:gfv, jzmr:sqnr;d/cr:nwr:gv:(Nowgarh) gfv,jqcr, Wcr,wnr:azgr,jJcr go 35 gI,lUwr,mI,tKwr, (nJcr;lgr:no. mI:sunrjudr,hUgr:gI,lUwr, mI,tKwr,)>

dI;lumr,BinI, nT:sUnrsKwr:bv,mo.bwr: anrmI:himr:mKcr: gbi lwdr;nnr. bqnrdI;gKdr,hnrnv; env,jwr;jo/:sidr.tdr.t< mnr:jo/:gKdr,hnrnv;mv: mKwr;Em;mnr:jwr; n/cr:jumr;mhv,mv,yv, mKwr:mKcr: ebv;mKcr:Em;mnr:n/cr: mKcr:ed,wdhes mv:pQwrnT: sUnrsKwr: bv,mo.bwr:nnr.ywr.> jo/:sidr.tdr.tno. ebv:wv; mnr:jwr; gKdr,hnrnv;mv:egv; bogfv,nv;d/cr:Wcr, nKwrmzgr,mUwr jqdr:y/cr;es awrwzgr:gv,tv,aznr,no. wv;azgr,sUbr:mnr:jwr; gmr:lqwrnoywr.> wzgr:nnr.Ed.-

@tUfulofprOrd lUwrgsrs<

jqdrtUwrhmsmi lUwrgsrs<

sqdrtUwrhmsmi lUwrgsrs<

aymnrdimjvdi<

ndrti dvni bunbrpewv##>

ekv;gf/mr:no. mI:dI;bzcr,wv; @@nT:lUgr;no. gwrbqnrgUnr: lUcrAgwrbqnrhUwrnv;bKnr;< nT:lUgr;no. gwrt/nr;sucresbKnr;< nT:lUgr;no. gwrkJgr.dznr:AgwrmQdr;lKwresbKnr;< b/nrno. bqnr lJnr:sudr:gwr< dJnr:amr,mI: lzcr;edEd,dcr;tQcr; pwmT,## noywr.> y/mr:ncr,nnr nT:lUgr;no. d/cr:mUnr;sKwr:egv; dqmr tUnr;mv:< kI,Fv.egv; b/cr,jJnr;lQcr:sTmv:< so/cwr:wnr:egv; hKwr;lQcr:mv:< lUcr,mzgr,egv; pudr:gI;mv:< nUgr.nUegv; Wcr.gf/mr:mv:< mQcr:pJcr;egv; hvdzmrlUcr,mzgr,mv:< sqcrho,dJcr;egv; aJdr,nnr;jzmr: g/crh/wrlUcr mv:noyU,>

mKwr;mzgr;bImKcr: 250 bI,jI, wo/:Cpv:bqnrjwr; awrmhv,bRi nibr.b/nr,gfv,lo; 300 bInnr. kunrehvkmr: aesv:g dcr:kU:wv:mnr: jwr;aubgudr.des mv:wo;svtJcrdI;nnr;> yznr.kU:wv: mnr: bnrd/cr:ko; jTEl; mnr:jcr,mv:bgr:wo. lgr:swrhinrlUcr anrnJcr; H;bqnrdI;mo/dzcr:mnr: lzcr;wv;dI;no; bqnrdI;budr. t jwr;gKdr,hnrnv;mv:nonnr.yU,> anrkJnr:kudr:szgr;hv kzcrgwr,kzcrmznrj/wr:budr. anrgJgr:bJnr: lUcrno.Ed. bqnrjwr;bo/: mznr:lUcr kicr:alQdr.jnr:DKwr: k/nr,nicr,gmr,(Alexander Cun ningham) j/wr:kKwr:aicr:gidr. kJnr:kudr:szgr;hvhnr mKwr; 1886 nnr.noyU,> dI;lImo/lIdzcr: anrmI:wo.dI;nnr; mI:wo.szcrs/mr anryU,> jKwr:nnr.Ed. bqnrlgr:swrhinr aesv:g< wdr.n/cr:jumr; mhv,myv,ed,wI,< nmr.nzcrdI;n/cr:jumr; hqdr:lzcr; mUdr:sT y/mr:gKdr,hnrnv; jwr;jo/:sidr.tdr.tjqmrjKwr:no.ywr.>

(1) lgr:swrhinr aesv:g (Asoka’s Pillar)

lgr:swrhinraesv:g anrmnr:mv:pcrwo. dI;lumr,BinI, no. mnr:Enlgr:t/nrwv; @@dI;no;! bqnrdI; env,jo/: jwr; sidr.ddr.t gKdr,hnrnv;mv:aKwr;## nonnr.yU,> swrhinrlUcr no. bqnrlgr:t/nrlUcr anrmnr;mnr;gJmr:gJmr: nQnr;nQnr;nv nv edv,y/mr:lqwrnnr.ywr.>

jzmr:swrhinrnnr. dQmr;mo/wo.wv; “kunrehvkmr: biydsr. sI, (edwvnmr biydisrs) anrpIkwrhgr.no. dI;no; yznr. mnr:bqnr dI;budrtjwr; gKdr,hnrnv;mv:El; wo/:esmnr: kJnr; h/cr;ehv lo;s/wr:bIywr. mnr:edmv:el,tJcr dI;no;es wo;svdI; no;< ywr.egv; edmv:bUgr:lgr:swrhinrwo. dI;no;yU,> lKwres nnr. kznr,dv,kunr gUnr:w/nr;lumr,BinI,kwr edamr,mI:kznr, yT,nmr< bQdr,bunr; edlo;bnr mzgr;nJcr;bunr;no.gUYr:”noywr.> dI;bo/swrhinrnnr. smr.dQmr;ligr;po/,dI.bQdr;wo.wv; ‘aUmr bni bdremhUmr’ noyU,>

(2) wdr.n/cr:jumr; mv,yv,ed,wI, (Mayadevi Temple)

nT:wdr.n/cr:jumr;mhv,mv,yv,no. bqnrwdr.dI;mo/dzcr: lzcr;bJnr:env,jo/: jwr;sidr.tdr.two.d/cr:nmr> nT:nnr. mI:wo.h/cr;m/gr,hinrkQgr: n/cr:jumr;mhv,mv,yv, anrmnr:n/cr:dJgr. yibr:gicr,mo.bwr:es dJgr.lqcr. lugr;jo/:mnr:n/cr:env,jo/:jwr;sidr.tdr.tyU,> lKwresnnr. smr.mI:bv:jqmrh/cr; n/cr:jumr; bjv,bdi egv:dmI Em;nv.mnr:jo/:El; lumr:l/cr:anrmv:jzmr: mnr:n/cr:d/cr:nmryU,>

(3) nmr.nzcr (Tank)

lKwresnnr. anrlmr,lzcr;mnr: anrmI:dI;nnr; nnr. bqnrnmr.nzcrjJnr;sT anrmo/dzcr:wv; mnr:bqnrnmr.nzcr anrn/cr:jumr;lUcrmhvmv,yv, y/mr;jT.lzcr;mUdr:sT mKwr;mnr:n/cr: lqcr.env,jo/:sidr. tdr.tnnr.noyU,>

မိꨀတꨣဝꨓ္ꨲ တီꨳပုတ္ꨵထꨅဝ္ꨳ ေꨟꨣးၾတꨣးꨟူဝ္ပိုင္း ထမ္မꨅꨀ်ꨣꨲ

migdv,wnr, amr,nnr sv,Rndr.no. mI:himr:wqcr:bv,Rn sI,es y/nrgowqcr: bv,RnsI, 13 gI,lUwr,mI,tKwr, no.ywr.> smr. gobudr.tgyv, 250 gI,lUwr,mI,tKwr,yU,ywr.> smr.y/nrgo wqcr:sv, wdr.ti 221 gI,lUwr,mI, tKwr,wo.yU,ywr.>

Cpv:bqnrjwr;hwr:no. wo/:esmnr:jwr; hUbr.hnrlo;lQcr: tmr: dI;budr.tgyv,ywr. jwr;dQbr:ddr:jTwv; edmv:ehv: tmr:bnr kU:wv:mnr:jwr;El; jumr:bnr,jwgr.gI,kwr dI;lUcrdJcr migdv, dv,bUnr.lzdr;smr,sRv, jzmr:ncr,mnr:jwr; lo;lQcr: tmr:mv: nnr.noywr.> aznrd/cr:sudr:Ed. a/cr;edmv:ehv: bnr kU:wv:mnr:szcrjwr; anrbqnrav,lv,R gv,lv,mEl; audg Rv,mbudr.d aznrd/cr:noyU,> wo/:eslo;hU.wv; kU:wv:mnr:jwr; dcr:szcr sqcr;munrgfv,ywr.nonnr. mnr:jwr;jcr,dQbr:ddr:wv; edmv:ehv:bnr jumr:bnr,jwgr.gI,kwr anrdJgr.swr:yU, dI;nT: tKnr,migdv,nnr.ywr.> (winybidg-jUlwgrg bvli)

jumr:jwr;bnr,jwgr.gI,kwrno. mKwr;aznrd/cr: pzcr:mKwr; Cpv:bqnrjwr;dJwr:gmr dugr.gRjRiyv,yU, dI;nT:tKnr, auluew, Rnnr. kwraznrgnr mv:lumr:lv:mnr:jwr;yU,> gUYr:gv; wo/:es kwrhnrmnr:jwr; kJnr:hbr.kwr;bqnr:(szmr:) gUnr:dcr:lo/nnr. yznr.kwrhnrtJcrwv; @mnr:jwr;amr,jzmr: lzgr:lo/:dJwr:gmrywr.< kJnr:hvsqnr;d/cr: lzcr;gv,msKwr:mUnr;ywr.< kJnr:ginrkwr;bqnr: ywr.< ebv:jKcr.nnr edamr,bqnrCpv:lo;ywr.# nonnr. kwr jwr;bo/;bQdr;mnr:jwr;es gfv,yU,nT:tKnr, dI;sUnrsKwr:migdv, dI;bv,RnsI,nnr.ywr.> yznr.nnrEl; munrsQcrkmr:budr.t jwr; jcr,dQbr:ddr:jTjwr;es mv:jU:kwrjwr;dI;nnr;yU,> mKwr; mnr:jwr;mv:jU:kwres kwrlo;hnrCpv:bqnrjwr;nnr. kwrycr: dQbr:ddr:jTwv; edamr,dUcr.dgr.mnr:jwr;< edamr,hbr. dznr;mnr:jwr; nolTgznr,yU,> gUYr:gv; mKwr;budr.tjwr; Wdr; mv:himr:kwrnnr.Ed. yznr.bKwr;h/cr;p/crjwr; lQgr;lo/;mv:< jJnr; sTmv:lKwrgwr,Ed.Ed.El; dUnrnJcr;ywr.dUnrnJcr; aznrgnr lugr.es bT.dUcr.dgr.hbr.Wcr:mnr:jwr;yU,>

wv;nnresd aznrd/cr:sudr: kwrjwr;ycr:amr,yumr, lzcr;wv;mnr:jwr; hU.hnrlQcr:tmr:es bqnrCpv:mv:ywr.nonnr. gznr,> wo/:esnnr. Cpv:bqnrjwr;jcr,wv; hcr:kwr @anrgwrjwr; l/dr;mKwr;lqwrno. mKwr;aznrd/cr: jzcr,gwrjwr; y/mr;l/dr;EnsU jwr;mv:esbzgr;hJwr#noyU,> y/mr:nnr kwrjwr;jcr,wv; @amr, dznr.l/dr;dI;kv;# noyU,> wo/:nnr. kwrjwr;jcr,wv; @edtzmr, awrtmr: mnr:jwr;yU,# noyU,> (mjrjimnigvy bbr.nJcr;< nv; 172) yznr.nnr budr.tkmr:Cpv:bqnrjwr; jcr,ehv:tmr:anr Wcr.jJwr;wv; @tmr,mjgr.g bwdrdnsudr;# tmr:tmr,mj/gr; bnr,wJnr:nonnr. hcr:kwrjwr;yU,> dI;jwr;ehv:tmr: tmr,mjgr.gbwdrdnsudr;no. bqnrdI;gzcr:mU: tmr,mRv,ji gnnr.no ywr.> wo/:esnnr. jwr;jcr,kJnr:ehv:tQcr; tmr:anrWcr.wv; @andr.d lgrknsudr;# nonnr.es dI;ehv:tmr:hUwrno. smr.bqnrdI; gzcr:mU:tmr,em,knnr. lo;hU.ncr,noyU,ywr.> mKwr; ehv:tmr,mjgr.g bwdrdnsudr;nnr. pU;hU.hnrlQcr:tmr: mI:jwr;gznr:dYr,Y dUnrlqwr gUYr:noesd y/mr:mKwr;mnr:jwr; ehv:tQcr; tmr:andr.d lgr.knsudr;nnr. kwrjwr;hU.hnr lQcr:tmr:gfv, dcr:hvdUnrnoywr.> yznr.nnrEl; dI;sUnrsKwr: migdv,no. bqnrdI;budr.t jwr;ehv:tmr: gmr:aznrd/cr:bKnr; sudr:sudr:noyU,> himr:Wmr:dI;no; dI;anrlImo/lIdzcr:mnr: mI: wo.dcr:nmryU,>

1. lgr:swrhinraesv:g (Asoka’s Pillar)

swrhinraesv:gno. d/cr:sucrmnr: mI: 12 mI,tKwr,< nKwr jigr:mnr:nnr. hqdr:wo.hunr,h/cr;s/cr,sI;< hUwrs/cr,sI;nnr. y/mr:lqwr mI:nT:hUcr:kzcrmznr- Archaeological museum anrmI:dI; sv,Rndr.noywr.> jzmr:swrhinrnnr. dQmr;wo.wv; @@pTedamr, lo;yv. scr,kkwrjwr;< pTlTesamr,wv; jqmrmunrjwr;< no/:k/wr scrwv;lo;yv.mQnr; scr,kjwr;ebv:nojJcr edlo;nucr;kUwr:k/wr es gfv,yU,d/cr,dI;> ekv;bUcranrno. edlo;bJnrk/wr, nT:scr,k El; no/:k/wrH;hU.gU;jwr;> egv.pIhgr.l/dr;wv; @H;awrpJnrekv; bUcrno. hqdr:pJnrmKnres gfv,bJnrjzmr:wdr. nT:tKnr,< smr.sJbr, awrligr;anrno. bJnrbv:nKwrgUnr:hKnr:kwr> ebv:wnr:sinr yznr.gUnr:hKnr:kwrmv:wdr.El; kwredlo;hU.ligr;no.gfv,> wnr: sinrgU;wnr: pzcr:mKcr:kwr edlo;gfv,wdr. ncr,hJwredlo;ligr; nnr.es hU.dI;bzcr,mnr:lIlI> mKwr;lTesamr,wv; y/mr:mKwr; ddr:sinr edlo;l/dr;Enbv:lzcr;no.> pU;mI:bunr;pznr:kwr gU; ej;wqcr:< gU;aKcr, edlo;sJbr,bJnrazgr,## noyU,>

ligr;ekv;bUcrno. kunrehvkmr:aesv:g lQbr;bJnrazgr, wo/: b/crgumrlUcr mhv,scr,k(scr,gvynv,) scr,kbzgr;gmr:s/mr> mKwr; pzcr:hqdr:b/crgumr mhv,scr,k bzgr;gmr:s/mrnnr. scrkbzmrkwr lo; k/mr,ehv;bQdr; nT:sv,snv,dcr:nmr> ekv;bUcranrno. smr.lo;hnrtQcr; dI;swrhinr anrmI:dI;s/nr,kLI,nnr. tQcr;noywr.>

2. wdr.mU,lgnr,tgudI, (Mulagandhakuti)

wdr.mU,lgnr,tgudI,no. mI:d/cr:Wcr,gzcr:mU:gwr, tmr,m Rv,jignnr.es bqnrwdr.anrbudr.tjwr; yU,swr:mKwr;mnr: jwr; yU,swr:dI;sv,Rndr. amr,nnr migdv,wnr,nnr.ywr.> gUnr:lU,d/nr:mnr: bqnrset:nnr,diy egv.anrrh/cr;ehv mnr: pudr:mv:nT:mKcr:pI jqmrmKwr;mnr:bo,do/nnr.noywr.> wdr. no. nT:g/crmnr: mI:bnr,l/cr,wo.anrnJcr;< smr.bqnrwdr. anr Cpv:bqnrjwr; awrwv,svaznrd/cr:bKnr;sudr:sudr:< smr.bqnrdI; anrbudr.tjwr; ehv:Cdv:bnrjo/:ysr.s aigr,do:egv.mnr: 54 egv. dUgr:bqnraRhnr, (Rh/nr:dv,) gfv,nnr.yU,>

wdr.lcrno. wo/:esa/nr,hUwrb/gr,bImnr:ywr. bqnrwdr. anrkf/gr;yT, lKwrgwr,mv:Ed.Ed.noyU,> mKwr;pzcr: hU:winr:sQcr (Huien Tsang) (gUnr:j/wr:ek,) mv,El,tJcrsv,ndr. mKwr; 7 ea,DI, (7^th century A.D)nnr. mnr:ycr:dQmr;wo.wv;- @@nT:w/cr: hUwr.lUcrnnr. mI:wdr.lUcr anrsucrszcrb/gr,tdr:wo.> anrmucr: mnr: mKnrh/cr;hUYr,m/gr,mUcr;wo.< bJnr.mnr:< kUwrlo;mnr:smr. awr kQbr:m/gr,hinrhqdr:wo.lo/lo/> anrbqnrpvmnr:El; d/cr,jKwr.d/cr, bKcrEd. awraudr,hqdr:wo.noywr.> jzmr:pvmnr:sI,nv;nnr. smr.hqdr:wo.hunr,h/cr; budr.tjwr;wo.noyU,> nT:g/crwdr.lUcr nnr. smr.mI:hunr,h/cr;budr.tjwr; anrawrdzcr:elv,wo.< h/cr; nnr. bqnrh/cr;anrmnr: jwr;dJgr.ehv:tmr,mj/gr;yU,## no ywr.>

lKwresnnr. jzmr:gzcr:mU:aznr, anrmI:d/cr:dUgr: mU,l gnr,tgudI,nnr. lo;hnrj/gr,aznr,j/gr,aidr: anrdQmr;wo. lKcr;tmr,mjgr.g bwdr.dnsudr;wo.noywr.> dQmr;wo. p/o,bv,li es mI:dI;bzcr,wv; @scr,kjwr;dcr:lo/aKYr.! mI:sjr.jv,sI,bKcr anrwv;- lzcr;k/nrjTEd.< lzcr;d/cr:dv,edlo; lzcr;k/nrjT Ed.< lzcr;k/nrjTmzdr,wzdr;Ed.< sqnr;d/cr: dv,edWdr;tJcr dI;k/nrjT mzdr,wzdr;Ed.nnr.aKwr;# noywr.> ligr;no. lQbr; dQmr;wo.mKwr;b/nr s/mrea,DI, (3^rd century A.D) nnr.noyU,> dUwrligr;jKwr:no. y/mr:lqwr gfv,mI:nT:hUcr:kzcrmznrnnr.noywr.>

3. hUwr.aesv:g (Asoka’s Railing)

d/cr:j/nr:wdr. mU,lgnr,tgudI,nnr. mI:hUwr.anr kunrehvkmr: aesv:glzmr.wo.> anrmnr:lzmr.wo.nnr. bqnrWo:tI: gwr, gzcr:mU:tmr,mRv,jignoywr.> hunr,h/cr;tI:no. awrm/gr,hinr (b/nremvRy/nr-Mauryan)nnr.hqdr:wo.noywr.> Wo:dUcr,anr mI:wo. nT:w/cr:hUwr.nnr. smr.l/mr:wv; lQbr;bqnrWo:dUcr,subr: jigr: gzcr:mU: tmr,mRv,jignoywr.>

4. gzcr:mU:tmr,mRv,jig (Dharmmarajika Stupa)

gzcr:mU:tmr,mRvjig mI:himr:lgr:swrhinr aesv:g< anr hqdr:dI;mo/dzcr: dI;Cpv:bqnrjwr; ehv:tmr:tmr,mj/gr; gmr:aznr d/cr:sudr: bnrjwr;bYr,jwgrgI,kwrnoywr.> mKwr;ehv:tmr: tmr, tj/gr;nnr. nT:bYr,jwgr.gI,hv;jwr; jwr;gznr:dYr,Y hU. hnrlQcr:tmr:gfv,> gzcr:mU:no. mKwr;b/nrhU:winr:sQcr mv:El,nnr. Ed. lo;hnrdcr:sucr mI: 30 mI,tKwr,bo/bo/noywr.> mKwr;y/mr:nnrr Ed. gzcr:mU:no. tI:mnr:lQbr;edsucres gzcr:mU:tmr,em,kgznr, noywr.> y/mr:lqwrEd. edv.Ed.gJdr:Wo:mnr: wo.lo/lo/gUYr:> mKwr; y/mr:jumr:j/wr:budr.kwr kJnr:kudr:szgr;hv kzcrgwr,j/wr:budr. y/mr: nnr. dI;nnr; kwrycr:kudr:Yv: aubr:t/dr;gQwr;El; hunr,h/cr; Cpv:bqnrjwr;lTnoyU,> aubr:lubr,t/dr;gQwr;nnr. gfv,mI:dI;lT amr,hU.noesd dKgr;m/gr,hinranrsT,wo. aubr:lubr,t/dr;gQwr; nnr. y/mr:lqwr gfv,mI:nT:hUcr:kzcrmznr dI;wqcr:glgdr.dv: bunr. noywr.>

mKwr;y/mr:kicr:k/nr,nicr,gmr, kJnr:kudr:nnr.Ed. dI; nnr;mnr:ycr:kudr:lo; hunr,h/cr;budr.tjwr; anrdJgr.ehv: tmr: tmr,mj/gr;El; ligr;aidr:azdr:noywr.> nT:ligr;nnr. mnr:l/dr;En lzcr;kunrehvkmr:bcr,glI,(Bangli) egv.anrtv, bnv,gzcr:mU:El; anrlo;d/nr:lgr:po:anrbKcr: gzcr:mU:El; kKcr; kzcrh/cr;kKcr; jzmr:gzcr:mU:nnr.noywr.>

5. gzcr:mU:lUcrtmr,em,k (Dharmek Stupa)

gzcr:mU:lUcrtmr,em,kno.smr. hqdr:wo.dI;mo/dI;dzcr: anrbudr.tjwr;ehv:tmr: andr.dlgr.k nsudr; bnrjumr:jwr; bYr,jwgr.gI,kwrnnr.ncr,gwr,> tJcrmKwr;ehv:tmr:hUwrno. jwr;bYr,jwgr.gI,kwr dcr:hv;jwr; dUgr:bqnraRhnr, hU.hnrlQcr: tmr:gfv,mUdr:> gzcr:mU:no. d/cr:gf/cr:mnr: mI: 28 mI,tKwr, no.es d/cr:sucr:mnr:smr. edmI:mzgr; 33 mI,tKwr,no.noywr.>

anrEd,kudr:kJnr:es Em:lumr:lv:kJnr:Ed. kicr:k/nr, nicr,gmr, (Cunningham) Ed,kudr:mKwr;bI 1834 bunr.< lo;jT. dv,k/wr:y/mr:s/mrbI> mKwr;y/mr:nnr mnr:lo;hnrwv; gzcr:mU:no. Ed,awrcwr;edv,bo/ edmI:mzgr; 10 mI,tKwr,no. awrm/gr,hinregv,wo. lo/lo/noyU,ywr.> gzcr:mU:no. aznrd/cr:sudr: Ed,egv, s/cr;mv: jqmrmKwr;b/nremv,Ry/nr: (Mauryan)bunr.noywr.>

6. wdr.aQbr.sI,dv:lr (Apsidal Temple)

d/cr:dUgr: lgr:swrhinraesv:gsJwr;sJwr;nnr. smr.mI: wo. Wo:wdr.aQbr.sI,dv:lrnonnr.ywr.> wdr.no. egv,s/cr;mv: mKwr;b/nremv:ly/nr:bunr.noywr.> wdr.lcrno. mKwr;y/mr:nnr. edv,nv;gnr dcr: lgr:swrhinraesv:gwo.noywr.> wdr.lcrno. lzcr;wv;mnr:bqnr kunrehvkmr:b/nrnnr. egv.egv, s/cr;mv:anrwv; nnr. amr,mI:lzcr;t/cr,tKmraI;scrnoyU,> wdr.no. smr.mI:bv: Wcr;svlv: anrgf/cr;y/wr:lUcrwo.es jzmr:k/cr;mnr:nnr. smr.mI: sqnr;d/cr:lqbr;wo.> anrmucr:mnr: y/mr:nnr mKnrh/cr;gzcrbudr: wo.noywr.> dI;sudr: Wcr;svlv:y/wr:lUcrnnr. yznr.mnr:mI:Wo: cKbr,wo.El; dI;nnr; Ek:edpcrlgr:swrhinr tmr,mj/gr;wo.no yU,> mKwr;pzcr: kJnr:kudr:Wo:wdr.gwr, mKwr;bI 1904 nnr. ycr:kudr: hnrmQnr; h/cr;j/gr,kQgr: anrl/gr,lo/:wo.anrnJcr;> hunr,h/cr; nnr. awrm/gr,hinrkQgr:hqdr:wo. nT:h/cr;nnr. smr.mI:bv:wo. h/cr; gUnr:nT:h/cr;nT:ehv dcr:nmrwo.noywr.> Ek:Ek:edbqnr anr hqdr:wo. h/cr;kunrehvkmr:aesv:g y/mr:mKwr;mnr: mv:wo;Cpv:dI; nnr;nnr.hJwrnoyU,> h/cr;jKwr:nnr. m/cranrycr:dJgr.mI:yU, nT:hUcr:kzcrmznr dI;sv,Rndr.< gmr;pzcr;gfv,mI:dI; hUcr:kzcrmznr j/wr:kKwr: (national museum) dI;niwr:ed,lI,bunr.noywr.>

7. t/dr;gQwr; anrpcr,wo. b/nrgubr.d(Gupta)

po/,j/nr:d/cr:lUcr anrgfv,jU: mU,lgnr,tgudI,nnr. smr.mI:wdr.gwr, dI;pcrwo.t/dr;gQwr;noywr.> y/mr:lqwr awrpv audr,gcr;wo.es awrm/gr,audr,hqdr:cKbr,wo.> h/cr;wdr.no. bqnrsI, jqcr,es bqnrwdr.szcrjnr.> smr.mI:kqcr, lUjJnr; (tower) wo.gU;jqcr,< jqmrhU:pgr:dU hU:lQcr:mnr:egv; h/cr;kKcr;bqnrsI,jqcr,sI, jcr,wo.es h/cr;lIwo.Ed.Ed.noyU,>

8. wdr.tmr,mjgr.gRjin (Dhammacakkarajina Temple)

Wo:wdr.gwr, anrmI:d/cr:Wcr,nnr. bqnrwdr.tmr,mjgr.g Rjinnoywr.> nT:sv,Rndr.no. wdr.no.yT,esbKnr;noyU,> dI;himr:wdr.nnr. smr.mI:wo.ligr;pvhinranrnJcr; anrl/dr;En lzcr;himr:Wmr:wdr.nnr.noyU,> ligr;pvhinrnnr. y/mr:lqwr lo;hU.wv; gfv,mI:nT:hUcr:kzcrmznrbunr.noyU,> wdr.lcrno. l/mr:hnrwv; lQbr;egv,s/cr;mv: nT:b/nrkunrehvkmr: aesv:gnnr.noywr.> hUwr.mnr:po/, d/cr:j/nr:nnr. mI:bqnr 230 mI,tKwr,bo/bo/noyU,> Wo: pgr:dUlUcr wo/,nv;gfv,nv; d/cr:azgr,es dI;jqcr,po/,Wcr,wnr: dUgr:nnr. smr.mI:Wo:tmr; y/wr:lUcrwo.anrnJcr;> yKcr:jU:jKcr. hJwres egv,s/cr;wo.Ed. amr,lo;hU.noyU,> scrwv;bojzmr:hUwr. edlo;hnrmQnr; lgr:swrdzcr;wo.El; h/cr;kQgr:jzmr: pvaudr, anrmI: jzmr:dinrpvjKwr:nnr.yU,noywr.>

9. hUcr:kzcrmznr (Archaeological museum)

hUcr:kzcrmznrno. bqnrdI;gqbr:wo. kzcrgwr,kzcrmznrbo/:mznr:j/wr: budr. anrkJinr:kudr:Yv:dI;sv,Rndr; anrmI:gv;mI:knrjKwr: nnr.ywr.> hUwrs/cr,sI;lgr:swrhinraesv:g anrmI:nT:hUwr. dI;sUnrsKwr: migdv,nnr.egv; kwrsimr:bQcr:wo.dI;no;> hunr,h/cr;no. d/cr:sucrmnr:mI: 2.31 mI,tKwr,no.yU,> lKwres nnr.smr. simr:bQcr:wo. hunr,h/cr;jwr;jo/:sidr.tdr.t bqnrWo:lo/:mJwr:gwr, anrhqdr:wo.mKwr;b/nr gudr.sn(Kusana)nnr.lT> smr.mI:wo. ligr;kQbr:hinrmKwr;gznr, anrlIkwrjTmnr:jKwr:nnr.bv:gznr,> smr.mI:bv: hunr,h/cr;budr.tjwr; anrdJgr.ehv:tmr: tmr,mj/gr; hUwrbJcr: dI;sUnrsKwr:migdv, nnr.lTyU,> hUcr:kzcrmznrno. Ed,bJdr,g/crnT 10 mzcr:edv, 5 mzcr:g/crkmr;es smr.hbr:wnr:sugr:noywr.>

10. gzcr:mU:kGgr.knr,di (Chaukhanti)

ebv:lugr.awrdI; sUnrsKwr:lUcrdJcrno.es gfv,jzmr: sqnr;d/cr:bv,RnsI,nnr. mzgr;gI:lUwr:nJcr; nojJcr edlo;gfv,hnr gzcr:mU:kGgr.knr,di.anrwv;nnr.yU,> gzcr:mU:no. hqdr:dI;mo/dI;dzcr: jumr:bYr,j wgr.gIkwrjwr; bT.hbr.Wcr:munrsQcrkmr:Cpv: bqnrjwr; mKwr;mnr:jwr; lugr.budr.tgyv,es mv:dI;sUnrsKwr: migdv, a/cr;mv:ehv:tmr:bnr kwrjwr;nnr.noywr.> mKwr;aznrd/cr:Ed. wv;edamr,hbr.mnr:jwr; noesd tJcrmunrsQcrkmr: Cpv:bqnrjwr; mv:jmrkwrnnr.Ed. dUnrnJcr;ywr.dUnrnJcr; aznrgnrbT. hbr.Wcr:mnr:jwr;yU,>

11. wdr.do/;himr:Wmr: sv,Rndr.

dI;nzgr;hUwr.d/cr:azgr, gzcr:mU:lUcrtmr,em,knnr. mI:wdr.mU,lgnr,tgudI, anrjwr;anv,gv, Rigtmr,mbv,l (mKcr:lcr: ) mv:s/cr;wo. mKwr;bI 1931 nnr.lcrnJcr;> wdr.lcrno. yKcr:jU: hUcr:bidg/dr; es egv,s/cr;wo.> jwr;dv,nmnr:Ed. bqnrmidr.sdKwr, Em,RI,Fzdr.sdKwr, (Mrs Marry foster) mKcr:aem,Rig/nr,yU,ywr.> h/cr;jnrwo.jzmr:pvnnr. bqnrlo/mJwr:bo/:mznr: mKcr:gLb/nr, gUwr,sQdr.sU, nUwr,sU,(Kosetsu Nosu) yU,ywr.> jwr;dv, nh/cr;jnrnnr. bqnrbI,-aQwr, b|znr:tKwr, (B.L Browntor) mKcr: aicr,gl/nr, lo;hU.ncr,noyU,ywr.> mKwr;wnr:bJdr,b/cr wnr:ti 11.11.1931 nnr.Ed. gUnr:j/wr:budr.gU;mKcr:mKcr: aznrgnrkJnr; Wdr;mv: nT:b/crnnr.noywr.> nT:w/cr:nnr. smr.mI:bv:kQbr:pv hinr anrdzgr,wo.bidg/dr; gUnr:j/wr:budr. gU;mKcr:mKcr: mKnrncr, mKcr:to:< mKcr:sIRilcr:gv< mKcr:m/nr;< mKcr:l/wr:< gmr,ebv:dI:yv:jqmr jKwr:no.lTyU,>

po/,d/cr:dUgr: gzcr:mU:lUcrtmr,emknnr. smr.mI:wo.wdr. gLqnr:(Jain) anregv,dcr;mv: mKwr;bI 1824 nnr.lcrnJcr;> jzmr: pvwdr.d/cr:nT:nnr. kwrjnrwo.hunr,h/cr; mhv,wI,R pU;aznrhUwr egv,dcr; jumr:gLqnr:kwrwo.dcr:nmr> mhv,wI,Rno. bqnregv.anrkqcr,d dcr:nmr.gdr.j/wr:budr. mKwr;b/nrbudr.t jwr;nnr.mv: egv.nJcr;yU,>

wdr.ek,kwrsmr. egv,dcr;mv: mKwr;bI 1939 nnr.es gUnr: jzo;cJnr:mnr:Ed. bqnrset:jJwr;sqcryT, nT:mKcr:jicr,gv,bUwr, lo;hU.ncr,noyU,> wdr.m/nr; (bqnrmunrjwr; kKwr:RkQcr,)smr. mI: d/cr:jqcr, Wcr,wnr:dUgr: w/cr:gzcr:mU:migdv,nnr.es egv,dcr;mv: mKwr;hUwrbI 20 ea,DI,no.noywr.> wdr.no.ebv:bI 2008 mv: edtUnr;b/gr,bIes edmI:b/crbzo:kzbr;kUbr,b/gr,bImnr:yU,> wdr.dibQdr. smr.bqnrkzcrjumr:eg, lugr.b (Gelugpa) kwres bUgr:dcr;mv: mKwr; bI 1955 nI;bunr.ywr.> himr:d/cr:lcrwdr.kwrnnr. anrlIkwr; jTmnr: kwrhqdr:wo.gzcr:mU: dI;mo/dzcr: gUnr:jKwr:anrdo/gfv, nT: b/crlugr.pJnr.ek, dI;lv,sv, (Lhasa) bI 1959 nnr.noywr.>

wdr.gLb/nr,smr. egv,dcr;wo. himr:wdr.dibQdr.nnr.es wdr.to:smr. mI:gfv,himr: hUcr:kzcrmznrnnr.yU,> wdr.to:no. egv,s/cr;mv: mKwr;bI 1971 nnr.es edv,mKwr;lqwr dJgr.hqdr:yU,digr:digr:> po/,d/cr: nzgr;sv,Rndr. mzgr; 3 gI:lUwr:nnr. smr.mI: jnr.jzmrlUcrdibQQdr. anrmI:hUcr:dUYr:ligr;yT,yT, gf/cr;gf/cr;nnr. lcrnJcr;yU,ywr.>

ပုတ္ꨵထꨀယꨣꨲ တီꨳပုတ္ꨵထꨅဝ္ꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ၾꨕꨣး

budr.tgv,yv,no. mI:nT:ej;dznr;bI,hv,< ej;wqcr:gyv,> ebv:lugr.awrdI; dv;lUdr.lqnr:gyv,esmv: mI: 12 gI,lUwr,mI, tKwr,> ebv:lugr.awr wqcr:glgdr.dv:mv: mI: 480 gI,lUwr:mI,tKwr, es smr.y/nrgomigdv,wnr, (wqcr:bv,RnsI,) 250 gI,lUwr,mI,tKwr, yU,ywr.> budr.tgyv, amr,nnr bUdr.gyv,(gUnr:mKcr:no.Wcr.) no. bqnrdI;budr.tjwr; hU.hnrlQcr:tmr: lo;sbr.bYr,Yud Y/nr, dI;dT;dUnr;pUwr:Amo.Yzcr, mKwr;bI 563 bI,jI,< mKwr;lKnrhUgr: mUnr:nnr.yU,> mKwr;b/nrtmr,msfv,minr, (Dharmasvamin) mv: aQwr,tJcrdI;no; mKwr; 13 ea,DI,nnr.Ed. dI;no;Wcr.wv; wjiRv, sn (Vajrasana) amr,nnrr bnr,l/cr,hUcr:sQcr (Dianmond Seat) noyU,> gUYr:gv; kunrehvkmr:aesv:gEd. dI;no; mnr:Wcr. wv; smr,ebv:ti(Sambodhi)noyU,> anrjumr:yU,nQdr.sgUwr, (UNESCO) kwrmgr:mnr;wv; @dI;no; bqnrnv;linr kzcrmznrgJgr: lUgr;aKwr;# nonnr.Ed. bqnrmKwr;wnr:ti 27.6. 2002 nnr.mv: gUYr:noyU,>

budr.tjwr;hwr:no. mKwr;av,yumnr:jwr; lo;s/wr:gwr; nnr. mnr:jwr;azgr,bo/;h/cr;ehv< lugr;l/cr:n/cr:em:< ebv;Em; mnr:jo/:es mv:hvdJwr:gmr szgr;hvlQcr:tmr: nT:tKnr,yU,> nT: tKnr,anrmnr:jwr; y/mr;mv:dJwr:gmrEd. bqnrnT:tKnr, jzmr: lzoew,pv,R< lzoew,bunr,l< lzogijr.jgudr.d< lzobnr,dw< lzo aisigiRi anrmI:himr:wqcr:Rv,jgh< m/nr;Wcr.Rv,jgqwr,< gUnr:mKcr: no.Wcr. Rv,jgJwr,noyU,> mKwr;mnr:jwr; mv:dJwr:gmryU,dI;nnr; bigr.smr.kunrehvkmr: bimr,bisv,R nimnr,dn pidr;lwr;mnr: jwr; H;mv:hqdr:kunrkJnr: nT:mKcr:mnr: edjQgr,bnrmKcr:mnr: pzcr;noesd mnr:jwr;amr,hbr.k/mr,es wo.lmr,lzcr; dv,ed szgr;hvhnrlo; lQcr:tmr:nnr.gUYr:> y/mr:mKwr; kunrehvkmr:sJbr, pidr;lwr;tQcr;wv; @ebv:wv;jwr;hwr: hU.hnrlQcr:tmr:ywr. kQnr: edv; mv:ehv:tmr:bnr kv;dgv,kwresgmr:# nonnr. jwr;jcr, bnrgf/mr:mnr;wv; ebv:wv;bqnrCpv:mv:ywr.Ed. edmv:ehv:tmr:bnr kunrehvkmr:yU,noywr.>

wo/:esnnr. mnr:jwr;jcr,mv:bJcr;aicr jwr;alv,l gv, lv,mEl; audglv,mbudr.des sznrawrlo/:szgr;hv lQcr:tmr: dI;kwrjwr;> yznr.kU:wv: szcrdUnrno.es mnr:jwr;lo;elv: gI,apiY/nr,gfv,yU,> gUYr:nv, bo,bqnrCpv:mv:lo;> yznr.bKwr; bo, hnrsqnr;d/cr: dv,edbqnrCpv:lo;El; mnr:jwr;jcr,sJbr,k/wr: d/cr:mv: nT:tKnr,auluew,R anrmI:himr: Em;nmr.en,RYr,jRv, nnr.yU,> dI;no;Ed. anrhqdr:egv. lumr:lv:mnr:jwr; bqnr jumr:bYr,jwgrgI,kwrhv;jwr;nnr.yU,> bKcrnJcr;egv; kwrjwr;jKwr: no. yznr.bKwr; lo;cinr:ekv;gf/mr:wv; jwr;jo/:sidr.tdr.tno. edbqnrCpv:mv:< wo/:esbqnrCpv:ywr. yUwredlo;cinr: linr:tmr: mnr:jwr;kJnr:yU, mI:lzcr;mucr;mzcr:ncr,noes jcr,bT.lumr:lv: mnr:jwr;egv;wv;lo;> gUYr:gv; nv;mnr:jwr; edbqnrCpv:mv: mKwr; kwrhnrmnr:jwr; hbr.bqnr:(kwr;szmr:)kJnr:nnr.Ed. yznr. hnrtJcrwv; edamr,bqnrCpv:ywr.noes kwrbo/;bQdr;mnr:jwr; gfv, yU,swr: dI;nT:tKnr,migdv,wnr, mKcr:bv,RnsI,bunr.yU,>

wo/:esnnr. budr.tjwr; sJbr,hbr.awrkwr;bqnr:nmr. nUmr: aigr,bv:gzgr:kmr: anrn/cr:sujv,dv, lugr;yicr:lucr:g/cr. gUnr:mI: w/nr;es,nv,nid/nr:nnr.tQcr;> gzgr:kmr:Ed. wo/:es hbr.awrywr. jwr;atidr.t/nr, mI:ekv;yKcr:ynr,wv; @scrwv; gwredbqnrCpv:yU,Ed. gzgr:kmr:no. H;mnr:lzcr;kJnr;d/cr:nKwr esgmr:# noesywr. awrtJmr;dUgr:nmr. en,RYr,jRv,gfv,> gzgr: kmr:nnr.egv; bqnrmv:jzmr: ekv;yKcr:ynr,mnr:jwr;Ed.> sJbr, esnnr. mnr:jwr;jcr,sJbr,hbr.awr yv;pQdr;bQdr,mdr. dI; jo/:sudr.tiynnr.tQcr;> wo/:eshbr.ywr. jwr;awrmv:sKwr, dI; dT;dUnr;pUwr: dI;bnr,l/cr,hUcr:sQcry/mr:lqwr anrmI:d/cr:dUgr: gzcr:mU:lUcr mhv,ebv:tinnr.es sJbr,kdr:jTdJwr:gmrpv,wnv, szgr;hvlQcr:tmr:tQcr;> nv;mnr:jwr; eddJwr:gmrnnr. mnr: jwr;yKcr:ynr,wv; @lubr,kT;p/dr,p/dr,< aqnrkT;k/dr,k/dr,< lKdr;kT;hQcr;hQcr;< ncrkT;hqwr,hqwr, gv;amr,bqnrCpv: gwredamr, lugr.ywr.# noyU,> gUYr:gv; amr,hJcramr,n/nr: yznr.bKwr; d/cr: kdr:jTjKwr:nnr.El; jwr;hU.hnrlQcr:tmr: lo;sbr.bYr,Yud Y/nr,mv: dI;dT;dUnr;pUwr: mKwr;bI 6 bI,jI, (6^th century B.C) nnr.yU,>

1. gzcr:mU:lUcrmhv,ebv:ti (Mahabodhi Mahavihara)

gzcr:mU:lUcrmhv,ebv:ti anrlo;hnryU,mKwr;lqwrno. bqnr anrawrso/:hinrhqdr:wo.es y/mr:lqwregv; dJgr.bqnrspv,wso/: hinrnnr.wo.yU,> gzcr:mU:no. bqnrh/cr;sI,jqcr,wo.es d/cr:sucr mnr:mI: 52 mI,tKwr,< mI: 170 tdr:> d/cr:gf/cr;mnr:mI: 121 mI,tKwr, bnr,mUnr:noyU,ywr.> dI;jzmr:jqcr,k/cr;mnr:nnr. smr.mI:bv: gzcr:mU:aznr, nJcr;jqcr,nJcr;env,wo.es d/cr:mUdr:bv:gzcr: mU:lUcr mI:hv;env,wo.yU,> bJnr.dT; nT:gzcr:mU:nnr. smr.mI:wo. hunr,h/cr; budr.tjwr;dUnrnJcr;es smr.mI:bv: Wcr;wo;Cpv:yT,gf/cr;wo.yU,> gzcr:mU:lUcrno. kunrehvkmr:aesv:g (edwvnmrbiydisrs) egv, s/cr;mv:wo. jqmrmKwr;bIBI,jI, 3 b/gr, (3^rd century B.C) nnr.no ywr.> anrbqnrbnr,lcr,hUcr:sQcr wjiRvsn (Vajrasana) no. egv; kunrehvkmr:aesv:g Ed,lumr:lv:egv,s/cr;mv: mKwr;b/nr nnr.ncr,gwr,noyU,ywr.> gzcr:mU:lUcr mhv,ebv:tino. anrkunr ehvkmr: egv,dcr;wo. gzcr:mU:bQdr,mJnr,sI,hqcrnnr. kwr;bv:wo.env, nJcr;noyU,> h/cr;p/crmnr:egv; bqnranrkQmr.lQbr; kJdr:g/br;kJgr. kQmr.wo.Ed.Ed.>

jzmr:himr:Wmr:mnr:egv; mI:jqmrsdr.dsdr.dv,h< dUnr; mo.pUwr:< sUnrmzgr,El; gzcr:mU:aznr, d/cr:nmrwo.es smr.mI:bv: sqnr;d/cr:gUnr: bnr,lqbr;wo;gzcr:mU:lUcrnnr.bv:> mI:bv:sUnr mzgr, mI:hUwr.mI:w/cr:wo.es smr.lumr:lv:dv,es,El; ebv:lo;mv: Wdr; nT:w/cr:gzcr:mU:no. jTebv:gI;sKwr: gdr:yqnrlUcrwo.yU,> ebv: Ed,awrlKnrgGdr; (lKnrnUwr,wQmr,bKwr,) gfv,edv,tJcrlKnrsI, lKnrhv; (lKnrm/gr.kLr< ea,b|Kwr,)nnr. gUnr:wo;Cpv:dI;go mKnr ncr,mKcr:to:< mKcr:m/nr;< wQdr.n/mr:< dibQdr.< jicr,gv,bUwr,< Wcr, gzcr,< mKcr:Ek, aigr,lUYr; gUnr:j/wr:budr.mKcr:wnr:dUgr: mKcr:aem, Rig/nr,< mKcr:aicr:gidr:< FR/nr.< dQnr:m/gr.< eav:jed:RI:yv:< gLViwr,mnI,Ed,gfv,jKwr:no. aznrgnrmv:wo;Cpv: ebv:gJnr:lUcrwo. dv,es,yU,>

gzcr:mU:lUcrno. yznr.gUnr:d/cr,kKwr:es go.lU.lQwrmv: lo/ bzgr;lo/pwr,nv,> mKwr;b/nrkunrehvkmr: sv,scr,gv.(Sasanka) mKwr; bI 600 CE nnr. gzbr;mnr:amr,jT; gUnr:j/wr:budr.El; mnr:mv: yv.bQdr;bzgr;nJcr;> tJcrmKwr; 12 ea,DI, (7^thcentury A.D) y/mr: j/wr:kKwr:mU,slimr,kwr kwr;mKcr:ainr:dI:yv:mv:nnr. kwrmv:yv. bQdr;tQcr;< bzgr;no. jmrlU.lQwrgfv,mUdr:noywr.> gUYr:gv; tJcrmv: mKwr; 7 ea,DI, (7^thcentury A.D) nnr. kunrehvkmr:bv,l bcr,g lv, y/mr;mv:lumr:lv:kJnr: bzgr;nJcr;> wo/:esnnr. aicrnKwrgUnr: j/wr:budr. anrmI:ej,dnv, dI;jmrdI;gojKwr:nnr.es kJnr: Em:egv,gumr: mv:kJnr:tQcr;noywr.> mKwr;bI 1874 nnr. aicrnKwr anrlo;ekv;kf/cr: lUcrbzcrjJcr;mKcr:ainr:dI:yv:es kunrehvkmr: minr:dUcr: mKcr:m/nr; mv:Em:lumr:lv:kJnr: tQcr;bzgr;nJcr;> gUYr:gv; anrywr.gfv,lIlIEd. bqnrmKwr;bI 1884 nT:b/nralQgr.jnr: DKwr: k/nr,nicr,gmr,El; bQgr.glv,nnr.noywr.> tJcrmKwr; 1891 nnr. anv,gv,Rig tmr,mbv,l mv:kzdr,pzdr; mU,jumr:mhv,ebv: tisUwr,so.tI, (Mahabodhi Society)es kdr:jThimrawrkJnr: gzcr:mU:mhv,ebvti dI;nT:mJwr:munrjwr; j/wr:kKwr:hinr,dU,kwr H;bqnr kJnr: kzcrj/wr:budr.> tJcrmv: mKwr;wnr:ti 23.5.1953 nnr. gzcr: mU:lUcrmhv,ebv:ti jcr,dUgr:mv:kJnr: nT:mJwr:anv,gv,Rig tmr,m bv,Res bqnrkJnr:kzcrj/wr:budr.lIlInoywr.>

2. hunr,h/cr:Cpv:bqnrjwr; nT:gzcr:mU: (The Buddha Image)

hunr,h/cr;budr.tjwr; anrtv,bnv,wo. nT:gzcr:mU:nnr. mKwr;b/nrkunr ehvkmr:aesv:gnnr.egv; ncr,hJwrgUnr:dcr:lo/ ebv:lo;gKwr:lInnr. mnr:y/mr;egv,s/cr;mv:wo.yU,> gUUYr:gv; tJcr mKwr;b/nrbI 2 ea,DI,nnr. hunr,h/crCpv:anrmnr:tv,bnv,wo. nnr. lU.lQwrgfv,d/cr:nmr> wo/:esnnr. b/nrsJbr,b/nrsJbr, aznrgnrkdr:jTlumr:lv:mv: lo/bzgr;lo/pwr,Ed.Ed.> hunr,h/cr; budr.tjwr; anrlo;hnryU, y/mr:lqwrno.Ed. tJcrmv:mKwr; 7 ea,DI, (7^th century A.D) b/nrgubr.d (Kupta)nnr. jcr,gzo; ywr.dUwr;gfv, lIlIc/mr:c/mr:noywr.> hunr,h/cr;Cpv:bqnrjwr;no. d/cr:sucrmnr:mI: szcrmI,tKwr,bo/wo.es smr.awrm/gr,hinrlmrkQgr: hqdr:wo.noywr.>

3. dUnr;mo.pUwr:A mo.Yzcr,ebv:ti (The Bodhi Tree)

dUnr;mo.pUwr:no. bqnrdI;anrCpv:bqnrjwr;hwr: mv:ncr; pv,wnv, dT;mnr:esEl; hU.hnrlQcr:tmr: lo;sbr.bYr,Yud Y/nr,gfv, mKwr;bImKcr: hUgr:bI,jI, (6^thcentury B.C) nnr.yU,ywr.> dUnr;mo.no. mI:jbr:wo. d/cr:dUgr:gzcr:mU:lUcr mhv,ebv:tinnr.yU, ywr.> dUnr;mo. anrlo;hnryU,y/mr:lqwrno. bqnrdUnr;anr kJnr:pugr,wo. mKwr;nT:bI 19 ea,DI, (19^thcentury A.D)no.gUYr:no yU,> mKwr;bUnr.mv: anrbqnrdUnr;cwr;mnr:nnr.Ed. kunrehv kmr:aesv:gno. mKwr;mnr:bo, bqnrj/wr:budr.nnr. mnr:y/mr;mv: yv.bQdr;lUgznr,> wo/:es mnr:bqnrj/wr:budr.mv:ywr. yznr.mnr: go.mv:lumr:lv: dUnr;mo.pUwr:no.El; n/cr:jumr;mnr: n/cr:disrs Rgr.kid amr,tugr,jTes jT.bKnr;mv:yv.bQdr;tQcr;noyU,> wo/:es nnr. kunrehvkmr:aesv:g smr.awrnmr.nUmr:wUwr: mzgr;b/gr,dUwr mv:hUdr:bnr ncr,hJwrmnr:edamr,do/noyU,>

mKwr;pzcr:mnr:kdr:jThqdr:g/nr bJnrEp;sv,snv,yU, nnr. mnr:ycr:jT.lugr;yicr:mnr: n/cr:pigr.kU,nI, scr,kmidr. dv, awrgicr,mo.pUwr:po/,kfv anrmI:nT:wqcr: anu|udr.tbU,R mKcr: sI,Rilcr:gvnnr. mv:pugr,kJnr:dI;no;noyU,> dUnr;mo.pUwr: anr mI:dI;sI,Rilcr:gv anrjwr;n/cr:scr,kmidr.dv, awrdI;mhv,ebv: ti mKcr:ainr:yv: gfv,pugr,wo.nnr. ycr:dJgr.mI:yU, edv,mKwr;lqwr> mKwr;b/nrkunrehvkmr: sv,scr,g mKwr;bI 600 CE nnr. gzbr;bKwr; mnr:bqnrkunr amr,nbr.ymrj/wr:budr.El; mnr:jT.gUnr:mnr: mv:bzmr;bQdr; dUnr;mo.pUwr:tQcr;es kudr:bQdr;bv:h/gr;mnr:< ywr. egv; ncr,hJwrmnr: edamr,azgr,lo;kJnr:nnr. smr.awrnmr.azo; mv:hUdr:sT,tQcr;> mKwr;b/nrkunrehvkmr: bU,Rnwv,Rmr,mnnr. gzbr; bKwr;mnr:bqnr pU;nbr.ymrj/wr:budr.El; ncr,hJwrmnr:edenv, azgr,mv:kJnr: mnr:awrnmr.nUmr:wUwr:hqcrdUwr mv:hUdr:kJnr:> mKwr; h/gr;mnr: env,hunr;mv:kJnr: sucrmzgr; 10 tdr:nnr. ncr,hJwr bKnr;ed amr,mv:yv.gwr:lo; mnr:jcr,lzmr.hUwr.audr, sucrmzgr; 24 tdr:wo.noywr.> dUnr;anrpugr,kJnr:gmr:no. l/mr:wv;mnr:lQbr; bqnr dUnr;anrkJnr:pugr, gmr:tUnr;hv;noywr.> egv.pugr,mnr: bqnrjwr;bo/:mznr:lUcr mKcr:aicr:gidr. kicr:k/nr,nicr,gmr, (Cunning- ham) kJnr:pugr,wo. dI;gwr,mnr: mKwr;kJnr:kUnr.kfv. dI;mhv,ebv:ti mKwr;bI 1880 nnr.noyU,>

4. sdr.dsdr.dv,h

Cpv:bqnrjwr;hwr:no. wo/:esmnr:jwr; bqnrCpv:mv:ywr. Ed,awrmKwr; lKnrhUgr:lzcr;nJcr;kmr; edv,lKnrbQdr,mT,sI,kmr; nnr. mnr:jwr;j/mr,bUYr; d/cr:gdr:yqnr dI;sdr.dsdr. dv,hjqdr:dI; nJcr;dI;nnr. dv,jqdr:wnr:es d/cr:mUdr:bqnr gfv, sI,sibr:gwr;wnr:dqmrdqmryU,ywr.> sdr.dsdr.dv,hjKwr: no. mI:nT:w/cr:gzcr:mU:lUcr mhv,ebv:tiy/mr:lqwrno.mUdr:mUdr:yU,>

(g) bnr,lcr,gsdr.dv,h (sdr.dv,h dI;nJcr;)

bnr,lcr.gsdr.dv,hno. mI:d/cr:dUgr:gzcr:mU:lUcr mhv, ebv:ti dT;dUnr;mo.pUwr:A mo.Yzcr,nnr.ywr.> bnr,l/cr,hUcr:sQcr no. Wcr.wv;wjiRv,sn (Vajrasana)noes bqnrdI;anrCpv: bqnrjwr;hwr: mv:ncr;dT;mnr:esEl; hU.hnrlQcr:tmr: lo;sbr. bYr,YudY/nr,gfv,nnr.ywr.> wo/:esbqnrCpv:mv:ywr. yznr.bKwr; jUmr:sKwr:nv,El; mnr:jwr;yU,nKwr bnr,lcr,hUcr:sQcrno.es awrjTlzdr;gv,tv, @aengjvdi smrsvRmr# nnr.gfv, jzmr: ncr,Cpv:bqnrjwr;kwr gU;dUnrdUnraznrlzdr;gfv,nnr.yU,> y/mr: mKwr;j/mr,bUYr; plsmv,bdr; jqdr:wnr:nnr. mnr:jwr;yU, nKwrbnr,lcr,no.es awrlo/:anuelvm (Ed,cwr;edv,bo/) bdi elvm (Ed,bo/edv,cwr;) wUnr.ko; bdijrjsmubrbvd anrbqnr @awijrjv bjrjyv scrkvRv# Ed,gfv,jKwr:nnr.yU,ywr.> wo/: eswUnr.ko; bdijrjsmubrbvdywr. gmr:lJnr:sudr: jcr,awr gv,tv, @ydv hew bvduupwnrdi tmrmv# no.es lzdr;azgr,sUbr: kJnr:lUbr:lcrgfv,yU,ywr.>

(k) animis sdr.dv,h (sdr.dv,h tUnr;szcr)

animis sdr.dv,hno. mI:d/cr:jqcr,Wcr,wnr:azgr, gzcr: mU:lUcrmhv,ebvti mzgr; 14 szgr,nnr.yU,> dI;no;egv; yznr.bKwr; mnr:jwr;jUmr:sKwr: anrlo;bqnrCpv:mv:nnr.nv,El; dv,jqdr: wnr: jwr;amr,k/mr,pQbr.dves lUyqmr;dUYr:kJnr: dUnr:mo.pUwr: El; bnr,lcr,mnr:jwr; dI;anrmnr:jwr; bqnrCpv:mv:yznr. mnr:nnr.yU,>

(c) jcr,gmsdr.dv,h (sdr.dv,h tUnr;s/mr)

jcr,gmsdr.dv,hno. bqnrdI;anrCpv:bqnrjwr;hwr: bo po/;pv,wnv, gfv,gfv,mv:mv: dv,jqdr:wnr:nnr.ywr.> jcr,gm sdr.dv,hno. mI:d/cr:Wcr,gzcr:mU:lUcr mhv,ebv:tinnr.es smr. mI:nT:Eg; animissdr.dv,hEl; bnr,lcr,gsdr.dv,h nnr.yU,>

(j) Rdnv,kRsdr.dv,h (sdr.dv,h tUnr;sI,)

Rdnv,kRsdr.dv,hno. mI:d/cr:jqcr,Wcr,wnr:dUgr: gzcr: mU:lUcr mhv,ebv:ti> dI;no;egv; mnr:jwr;ncr;j/mr,bUYr; mUnr; sKwr:lUYr;plsmv,bdr; dv,jqdr:wnr:es awrY/nr,jwr; wUnr.ko;jTlUYr; apitmr,mv,jqdr:bKcrjKwr:nnr.gfv,yU,> y/mr: mKwr;mnr:jwr; wUnr.ko;jTlUYr; lzcr;btv,nbv,li bbr.lJnr: sudr:nnr. anrbqnraUao/so/cwr:jwr;hwr: m/br;mibr;hKwr;mv: jzmr: dUwrmnr:jwr; ebv:lQcr:lUcrgfv,sqcr;noyU,>

(s) ajbv,lsdr.dv,h (sdr.dv,h tUnr;hv;)

ajbv,lsdr.dv,hno. mI:d/cr:azgr,gzcr:mU:lUcr mhv, ebvtinnr.sJwr;sJwr;yU,ywr.> ajbv,l dI;dUnr;pUwr:no.egv; mnr:jwr;wUnr.ko;lUYr; tmr,mjwr;es mUnr;sKwr:lUYr; pls mv,bdr;gfv, dv,jqdr:wnr:lumr:lumr:>

(Y) mujlinr,dsdr.dv,h (sdr.dv,h tUnr;hUgr:)

mujlinr,dsdr.dv,hno. mI:jqcr,j/nr:wnr:azgr, gzcr: mU:lUcrmhv,ebv:ti dI;nmr.nzcrmujlinr,dv,nnr.ywr.> dI;no; egv; mnr:jwr;j/mr,bUYr;lUYr; plsmv,bdr;gfv, dv,jqdr:wnr: dqmrdqmr> y/mr:mKwr;mnr:jwr; mUnr;sKwr:lUYr; plsmv,bdr;yU, nnr. yznr.pUnrlUcrlUmr:lUcr dUgr:mv:hQcr:nv,El; y/mr:nnr. kunrngv:mujlinr,dv, jcr,mv:awrdUwrmnr: kUdr:kUYr,jqdr:Wbr; es Eh.wo.pUnrlUmr:> nKwrhUwrmunrkmr:jwr;nnr. smr.gI;cKbr, g/cr:mnr:es Eh.gcr;bnrpUnrlUmr: dI;Cpv:bqnrjwr;noywr.>

(d) Rv,jv,Rdnsdr.dv,h (sdr.dv,h tUnr;jqdr:)

Rv,jv,Rdnsdr.dv,hno. mI:d/cr:j/nr:gzcr:mU:lUcr mhv, ebvti dI;anrmI: dUnr;mo.l/cr:lznr:nnr.noywr.> dI;no;egv; mnr:jwr;sKwr:mUnr;jzmr: plsmv,bdr;gfv, dv,jqdr:wnr:> mKwr; wnr:lJnr:sudr: mKwr;tUnr; 49 wnr:nnr. mnr:jwr;hbr.awr d/cr:d/nr:kwr;munr:nmr.pJcr; dI;jo/:dbusr.sEl;pnr,lig kvbI;nzcr.nnr.yU,> kvbI;nzcr.no. yumr,ymrwv; kvbqnrgUnr:mKcr: m/nr; lugr.mKcr:m/nr;esmv:noywr.> Cpv:bqnrjwr;smr. kJnr:awr pUmrhUwrmnr:jwr;bQdr,sqnr; kJnr:dznr;kvbI;nzcr. H;lo;mKwr:gKwr:lI dI;w/nr;gwr,mKcr:lcrkwrnoywr.> pUmrhUwrbudr.tjwr; bQdr,sqnr; nnr. y/mr:lqwr aznrgnryumrymrwv; kvbI;nzcr. awrmKwr:tv,bnv, wo. nT:gzcr:mU:lUcr sUYr,dgucr, anrmI:nT:wqcr:dv;gucr; y/mr:lqwr nnr.noywr.> mKwr;y/mr:nnr yznr.scr,kjwr;bo,mI:El; kvbI; nzcr. lo;hbr.awr sRngmn(sRngucr,)szcrbKcr anrbqnr @@ykWfX> OIe> UqfOjrd? Xrfr> OIe> UqfOjrd## szcranr no. gfv,gUYr:noyU,>

(t) lgr:swrhinr aesv:g

lgr:swrhinr aesv:gno. mI:dI;jqcr,j/nr:wnr:azgr, gzcr:mU:lUcr mhv,ebv:tinnr.es smr.mI:d/cr:Wcr,nmr.nzcr mU,j Rinr,dv, mI:jbr:sT, dI;nv;pgr:dU d/cr:kwr;nzcr mU,jRinr,dv, nnr.gmr:lqwrywr.> dI;bo/jigr: lgr:swrhinrnnr. mKwr;y/mr: nnr mnr:awrh/cr;j/cr.sT,wo.noywr.> h/cr;j/cr.no. mKnrgnr dcr: anrmI:dI; scr,ksr.snnr.noywr.> gUYr:gv; y/mr:lqwr h/cr;j/cr.bo/lgr:swrhinrnnr. ho/gfv,mI:dI;lT szgr;hvycr:bo,hnr kJnr:noywr.>

wdr.do/;himr:Wmr: budr.tgyv,

wdr.jumr:mhv,ebv:ti mQnr:nqgr.mQnr: kzmr,mI,tI, (Mahabodhi Management Commitee)

wdr.lcrno. mI:dI;jqcr,Wcr,wnr:dUgr:nzgr;hUwr. gzcr:mU:lUcr mhv,ebv:tinnr.yU,ywr.> jumr:mhv,ebv:ti mQnr:nqgr.mQnr: kzmr,mI, tI,no. bqnrjumr:dv,edgQdr,EkbT.bv: lumr:lv:dUYr:tJcr gzcr:mU: lUcrmhv,ebv:tinnr.ywr.> jumr:no. bqnrlUcrbzcrjJcr; nT:bI,hv, aznrkzdr,pzdr;mv:wo. mKwr;bI 1949 nnr.noyU,ywr.>

wdr.dibQdr. (Tibetan Temple)

ebv:lugr.awrdI; wdr.mhv,ebv:ti mQnr:nqgr.mQnr:es lUcr:mv:d/cr:dUgr:tQcr; gomzgr; 100 mI,tKwr,no.jJcr edmv:Yv: wdr. lUcrdI.bQdr. j/wr:budr.mhv,ynnnr.yU,> wdr.no. munrjwr; lv:mv: gmr,bUwr,YwQcr, sQmr:tQnr: (Kampo-Ngawang Samten) mv:egv,s/cr;wo. mKwr;bI 1934 nnr.yU,> wdr.no.egv; yT,wo.d/nr, d/nr,es ebv:k/wr:kwrwo;Cpv:mv: munrjwr;kwr aznrgnrmv:lJwr; swr: dI;no;d/cr:nmryU,>

wdr.mhv,ebv:ti sUwr,so.tI, (Mahabodhi Society)

ebv:lugr.dI;nnr;es sJbr,lUcr:mv:tQcr;d/cr:j/nr: wdr. anrjbr:sT, wdr.dibQdr.kwrnnr. bqnrwdr.mhv,ebv:ti sUwr,so. tI, anrjwr;anv,gv,Rig tmr,mbv,l (j/wr:kKwr:lcr:gv) aznr hUwrmv:pzdr;wo. mKwr;bI 1891 nnr.yU,> wdr.anrmI:do/;dI; budr.t gyv,no. wdr.no av,yumnr:hJcresbKnr; lo;hU.ncr,noyU,> jwr; anv,gv,Rig tmr,mbv,lno. bqnrpU;mI:d/cr:hdr:h/nr k/mr,y/br, k/mr,yqnr:Ed.Ed.wv;wv;es mv:kdr:jTawrkJnr: gzcr:mU:lUcrmhv, ebv:ti mKwr;mnr:dUgr:gfv, nT:mJwr:gUnr:j/wr:hinr,dU,kwrr mKwr;bUnr. mv: bIbzcr:b/gr,bo/nnr.ywr.> k/wr:y/mr:mnr:mv:kdr:jT dv,H;lo; kJnr: nv;linrtzdr;mQdr; budr.tgyv,no. mnr:lo;kdr:jTmv: dv,k/wr:y/mr: s/wr:bIbo/bo/no.noyU,>

ebv:lugr.awrdI;nnr; sJbr,lUcr:mv:tQcr; d/cr:dUgr:jJcr d/cr:po/,kfvmJwr: dI;d/cr:dUgr:hUcr:lQmr: mhv,ynnnr. edmv:hnr tQcr; wdr.dibQdr.< sJbr,esnnr. edlo;mv:hnr wdr.j/wr: budr.mKcr:ek, anrEnh/cr;p/cr lo/:mJwr:bo/:mznr:kwrwo.nnr.yU,> wdr.lcrno. munrjwr;ek, sI,diicr,kLQnr, (Sitingchen) mv:egv, s/cr;wo. mKwr;bI 1945 nnr.noywr.> ebv:lugr.awrdI;nnr; kwr;gfv, d/cr:lcrwdr.ek,kwrnnr.smr. edlo;hnrtQcr; wdr.j/wr:budr. mKcr:to,w/nr,kwrtQcr;yU,> lKwresnnr. anrmI:god/cr:lUcr wdr. do:kmr:dI;< wdr.wQdr.n/mr: anramr,lo; dzgr:jJwr;dzgr:sqcrmnr: egv; gJdr:wo.dcr:nmrEd.Ed.> wdr.j/wr:budr. gU;kKwr:kKwr: jqmr wdr.aznr,wdr.lUcr anrmI:do/;dI;himr:Wmr: budr.tgyv,no. ed amr,yzmr:mzgr; 30 lcrbo/bo/no.> wdr.mKcr:m/nr;egv; wdr.m/nr;szcr wdr.< wdr.RkQcr,szcrwdr.< aigr,bv:wdr.do: kU:wv:wunr.jumr.es mI: gfv,hv;wdr.no.ywr.> wdr.mKcr:to:egv; mI:sI,wdr.> lKwresnnr. wdr.dibQdr.egv; amr,dQmr,mzgr; jqdr:wdr.no.ncr,gwr,> wdr. wQdr.n/mr:egv; mI:szcrs/mrwdr.no.yU,> lKwresnnr. mI:jqmr wdr.bcr:glv:dQdr.< gmr,ebv:dI:yv: jqmrjKwr:no.lTyU,> yznr. nnrEl; nv;linrtzdr;mQdr; budr.tgyv,no. scrwv;nv; linrmKcr:j/wr:budr. gU;kKwr:kKwr:noegv; eddUgr:mQnr;yU,> Ed,awr no.gfv, eddKwr:lKwrmv:tQcr;digr:digr: yznr.bKwr; gUnr:j/wr:budr. dUwr;lUgr;aznrgnrmv:lqbr;hqnr:< mv:wo;Cpv:es hvwo.nv;linr hcr: pThcr:mnr:nnr.ywr.>

dI;anrlIlqbr;hqnr:Ed. ebv:sJbr,lUcr:mv:tQcr; jzmr: sqnr;d/cr:lUcrnnr.digr:digr: edmv:hnrwdr.to: anrmv:bUgr: dcr; mKwr;bI 1957 anrhqdr:dI;mo/dI;dzcr: budr.tjynrdi bI sv,snv,tUnr; 2500 mKwr;b/nrjwhv|Uwr,lr en,|U: (Jawaharlal Nehru) pidr;mzgr, lUcrbzcrjJcr;to:es bnrnv;linr mv:egv, s/cr;wo.nnr.yU,> wdr.no. bqnrkunrehvkmr:aznrhUwrn/mr:nv; es mv:egv,s/cr;wo.> wdr.no.egv; mo/gJmr:tUnr;tJcr hv;sibr:bIkwr hqdr:s/cr;ywr.gfv, mKwr;bIgo/nnr.ywr.> wdr.no. yznr.mnr:mI: jbr:sqnr;d/cr:lUcrwo.El; bqnrwdr.anrkJgr.kmr, gf/cr;kf/crh/cr; lI azgr,h/cr;azgr,p/cr wdr.mKcr:to:lIlIwo.yU,>

ebv:lugr.awr dI;wdr.to:es sJbr,mv:d/cr:j/nr: nKwr sqnr;d/cr:po/,so/.mJwr: dI;jqcr,d/cr:nnr. edlo;hnrwdr. aznr, nv;linrgf/cr;gf/cr; dznr;dv,gUnr:j/wr:budr. mKcr:bcr:glv: dQdr.kwrnnr.yU,> sJbr,esnnr. mv:tQcr;aidr:nJcr;jJcr ed lo;mv:hnrwdr. mhv,azcr,emL, j/wr:budr.kKwr:RkQcr,kwrlcrnJcr;> wdr.no.egv; gUnr:wo;Cpv:kwr aznrgnrmv:lJwr;mv:swr:lo;yU,> wdr.anrmI:d/cr:j/nr: wdr.bcr:glv:dQdr. anrmI:d/cr:azgr, wdr.RkQcr,kwrnnr. smr.bqnrwdr.j/wr:budr. kKwr:nI,ebv:kwr mv: egv,s/cr;wo.yU,ywr.> lugr.awrdI;wdr.RkQcr,kwres mv:d/cr: j/nr:tQcr; dI;d/cr:azgr,hUcr:lQmr: sujv,dv,nnr. smr.mI:wdr. do:kU:wv:wunr:jumr. budr.tgyv, anrmv:egv,s/cr;mT,wo. mKwr;bI 2006.8.25 nnr.yU,> wdr.no. yznr.bKwr;jwr;kU:wv:wunr.jumr. mI: yKcr:a/nr:es mv:aznregv,s/cr;wo.El; d/cr,jJwr;wv; wdr.do: kU:wv:wunr.jumr. budr.tgyv,noyU,ywr.> mKwr;Ed,gKdr,azgr,bo/: wUnr. dv,edmv:egv,s/cr;wdr.no.Ed. bqnrmKwr;jwr;kU:wv:wunr: jumr.El; jwr;Csv,Yv,nwR gqcr:ducr mv:wo;Cpv:mKcr:ainr:dI:yv: hUbr.Yv:gnr dI;wqcr:bv,RnsI, mKwr;bI 1996 nnr.es jcr,bqnrmv: yU,> dI;gf/cr;mnr:Ed. lqbr;hqnr:dUYr: nT:bbr.k/wr:d/cr:sI,hUwr, mo/ 8 bI 2006 nnr.egv; edhU.lIlIyU,> wdr.no. yKcr:a/nr: H;bqnr dI;gUnr:j/wr:budr. bI;nzcr.do:El; aigr,lUYr;gUnr:j/wr: budr. gU;j/wr:kKwr: mv:lJwr;mv:swr: jUwr;y/mr:mv:wo;mv:sv nv;linr tzdr;mQdr; dI;budr.tjwr; hU.hnrlQcr:tmr: aigr,lUYr; dI;linr tzdr;mQdr; smr,ew,jnI,ysI,dI; anrmI:nT:mKcr:ainr:dI:yv: no.lTyU,>

dI;nv;wdr.to:nnr.ncr,gwr, ebv:sJbr,mv:tQcr;d/cr: j/nr: po/,kfvmJwr: dI;amr,ebv:jmrebv:gonnr. edlo;mv:hnr wdr.lUcrj/wr:budr. mKcr:bU,d/nr,tQcr;yU,> nv;linrwdr.nnr. bqnrlUcrbzcrjJcr; mKcr:ainr:dI:yv: egv.lU,wo.ncr,gwr,> wdr.no. egv; bqnrwdr.yT,wdr.lUcr h/cr;lIwo.es bqnrdI;lIlqbr;hqnr: gqwr,lUYr;lo/:mJwr:bo/:mznr: gUnr:j/wr:budr. mKcr:bU,d/nr,kwrnnr. Ed.Ed.> ebv:sJbr,esnnr.mv:tQcr; d/cr:j/nr:smr. edlo; mv:hnr wdr.lUcrDo,dUwr,gLVwr, j/wr:budr.mKcr:gLb/nr, anrnv; linrgf/cr;gf/cr;lUcrnnr.tQcr;> nv;linrwdr.no.egv; bqnrlUcrbzcr jJcr; mKcr:ainr:dI:yv: egv.jQgr,bnr H;egv,s/cr;mv:wdr.noncr, gwr,> wdr.lcrno. hqdr:b/cry/dr,nmr. lU,d/nr:gfv, mKwr;wnr:ti 13.2.1983 nnr.yU,ywr.> wdr.no.egv; bqnrwdr.yT,wdr.lUcr bqnrwdr.anrlIlqbr;hqnr: Ficr;bo/:mznr: mKcr:gLb/nr,kwrnnr. yU,> wdr.jKwr:no. jzmr:ncr,Ficr; h/cr;p/crwdr. mKcr:lTmKcr: nnr.mI:nnr. edlo;hnrjKwr:no. Enlgr:t/nrmnr:wo. hcr: pThcr:mnr:yU,>

ebv:lugr.awrdI;nnr; gfv,d/cr:jqcr,j/nr:wnr:dUgr:jJcr edlo;gfv,hnr hunr,h/cr;Cpv:bqnrjwr;ncr; anryT,yT,sucrsucr nnr.yU,> hunr,h/cr;Cpv:bqnrjwr;dUnrno. d/cr:sucrmnr:mI: 80 tdr:es lo;hU.wv; nT:mKcr:ainr:dI:yv:no. dUnrno.yT,esbKnr; wv;noyU,> hunr,h/cr;no. bqnrh/cr;p/cr Cpv:mKcr:gLb/nr,wo.es anr mv:Em:h/cr;kKcr;Ed. bqnrjumr:bo/:mznr:kwr wqcr:glgdr.dv:wv;no ywr.> d/cr:nT:mnr:Ed. awrlinry/crkznr,kRidr.egv,s/cr;wo. es smr.tv,bnv,wo.Cpv:aznr, mzgr;szcrmJnrbo/bo/no.noywr.> jzmr:kQbr,k/cr;mnr:jwr;smr. hqdr:hunr,h/cr;sv,wgmnr:jwr; jKwr: anrmI:jJwr;mI:sqcr mKnrncr,jwr;sv,Ribudr.d< jwr;mhv,mzgr.g lv,n< jwr;mhv,gsr.sb< jwr;annr,dv,< jwr;anu|udr.tv, jqmrjKwr:no. dcr:mUdr:edmI:mzgr; 28 dUnrno. jugr:eslzmr.Wbr; wo.> b/cry/dr,nmr.lU,d/nr:mnr: munrjwr;lUcrdibQdr. dlo: lv:mv: (His Holyness the Dalai Lama) mv:aznrbJdr,gfv, mKwr; 18.11.1989 nnr.noyU,ywr.>

ebv:sJbr,dI;nnr;es mv:tQcr;d/cr:Wcr, po/,so/.mJwr: nnr. edmI:tQcr;wdr. munrjwr;dibQdr.< sJbr,esnnr.mv:tQcr; d/nr,d/nr, edmv:hnr wdr.scr,kjwr; mKcr:ainr:dI:yv: anr Wcr.wv; eav:ainr:dI:yv:pigr.ku (All India Bhikkhu San gha) no dI;himr:sqnr;d/cr: jmrsudr:nnr.yU,> lKwresnnr. ebv:lugr. awrjzmr:d/cr:lUcr mv:jU:jnr.jzmrmv,gt d/cr:dUgr:po/,d/cr: j/nr:d/cr:nnr. edlo;hnrtQcr; wdr.d/cr:nmryU,< wdr.scr, klugr;hqnr:mKcr:m/nr;kwregv; mI:d/cr:no. dJgr.egv,s/cr;mv: mKwr; nT:bI 2006 no.ncr,gwr,> po/,d/cr:Wcr,d/cr:nnr.egv; edmI: tQcr; wdr.mhv,ebv:ti j/wr:kKwr:RkQcr, anrlcryT,yT, anrmI: s/mrjnr. jQnr,gnrwo.s/mrsI,lcrnnr.yU,> wdr.noegv; gUnr: wo;Cpv:kwr mv:lJwr;swr:lo;yU,> wdr.no.egv; y/dr,nmr.kfmr;dwr; mnr;gfv, mKwr;bI 2005 nnr.yU,> lKwresnnr. edmI:tQcr; wdr. dibQdr.< wdr.wQdr.n/mr: jqmrjKwr:no.tQcr; d/cr:nmrEd.Ed.>

wdr.m/nr;

wdr.m/nr;smr. mI:d/cr:Wcr,gzcr:mU:lUcr mhv,ebv:ti mzgr; 1 gI,lUwr,mI,tKwr,no.es mI:jzmr:sqnr;d/cr:gfv, wqcr:gyv,< smr. mI:po/,d/cr:dUgr:kUwr Em;nmr.en,RYr,jRv,nnr.yU,> wdr.no. munrjwr;nnr,dmv,lv, mv:aznr,egv,dcr;wo. mKwr;bI 1936 nnr. noywr.> ebv:k/wr:wo;Cpv:mv: bqnrdI;gUnr:wo;Cpv:kwr mv:lJwr;mv: swr:lcrnJcr;ywr.>

dI;lIlqbr;hqnr: himr:Wmr:budr.tgyv,

tmr;budr.tjwr; dJwr:gmrdugrgRjRiyv, (Bragbodhi cave)

lzoanrmI:tmr; dI;budr.tjwr; dJwr:gmrdugrgRjRiyv, no. mI:jqcr,Wcr,wnr:azgr, gobudr.tgyv, mzgr; 3 lgr:no.yU,> lzo no.kwrWcr.wv; ducrgQdr.sLrwv,RI,(Dungeshwari) noywr.> dI;no; pU;Enlgr:t/nrwv; @dI;no; mKwr;nv;budr.tjwr; bo,gfv,nT: tKnr, auluewRnnr. bqnrdI;budr.tjwr; y/mr;dJwr:gmr dugrgR jRiyvmv: hUgr:bI# nonnr. bqnrkicr:k/nr,nicr,gmr, gUnr:j/wr:kKwr: aicr:gidr.ncr,gwr,> anrmnr:Enlgr:t/nrmnr:lo;Ed. dI; g/crlzod/cr:j/nr: anredv,nv;gnrdcr: nmr.bv,lrgU, (en, RYrjRv,)nnr. yznr.mI:Wo:cKbr,tmr; anrgf/cr;mI:sI,judr,sibr: (4’ 10’’)wo.< d/cr:kwr;mnr:smr. mI:tJcrs/mrjudr,szcr (3’ 2’’ ) wo. es lQbr;bqnrdI; Wo:budr.tjwr; y/mr;yU,swr:mv:wo.noywr.> anrbqnrmunrjwr;ek,Fv.hL/nr, (Fa Hian) mv:tJcrdI;no; mKwr; 5 ea,DI,< hU:wicr:sQcr (Hiuen Tsang) mv:el, mKwr; 7 ea,DI, nnr.egv; kwrwv;bqnrdI;no;ncr,gwr,noywr.> tmr;anrmI:d/cr: j/nr: anrd/cr:sucr mI:(2’ 7’’) d/cr:gf/cr;mnr: mI: (1’ 7’’) nnr. smr.lQbr;bqnrdI; tv,bnv,wo.Cpv:bqnrjwr;noyU,ywr.>

hKnr:gwr, n/cr:sujv,dv, anrlU,kwr;nmr.nUmr:

dI;hKnr:gwr,n/cr:sujv,dv,smr. mI:po/,azgr,Em;nmr. en,RYr,jRv,nnr.es anrno.smr. bqnrjumr:kUnr.kfv.bo/: mznr: mKcr:ainr:dI:yv:kwr szgr;hvhnres mgr:mnr;wo.nnr. ywr.> dI;no; kwrWcr.wv; sujv,dv,gudi< sujv,dv,kv:Rr< sujv, dv,kuYr,lv, nos/mrmqwr:wo.ywr.> n/cr:sujv,dv,no. bqnrlugr; yicr:bU,g/cr.nT:w/nr;nnr.es bqnregv.anrlU, kwr;nmr.nUmr: Cpv:bqnrjwr; wo/:esdJwr:gmr dugrgRjRiyv,hUgr:bIywr. jmred bqnrCpv:mv:nnr.ywr.> dI;no; y/mr:lqwr mKnrh/cr;gzcr:mU:budr: lUcrwo. d/cr:sucrmnr:mI:mzgr; 11 mI,tKwr,< d/cr:gf/cr;mnr:mI:mzgr; 65.50 mI,tKwr,no.ywr.>

dI;n/cr:sujv,dv, lU,kwr;nmr.nUmr:smr. ebv:lugr.awr dI;hKnr:gwr, n/cr:sujv,dv,nnr.es gfv,tQcr;d/cr:azgr,digr: digr: dI;amr,ebv:jmrebv:gonnr. edmI:wdr.hinr,dU,kwrlcr nJcr;yU,> anrhqdr:wo. dI;mo/dzcr: n/cr:sujv,dv, lU,kwr;nmr. nUmr:smr. mI:dI;jqcr,Wcr,wnr:azgr, jbr:wo.dI;wdr.hinr,dU,kwr nnr.ywr.> dI;no; mI:wo.h/cr;mnr:szcranr< anrd/cr:azgr, bqnrgUnr:mKcr:m/nr; mv:hqdr:wo.es anrd/cr:dUgr:smr. smr.bqnr gUnr:mKcr:no. hqdr:wo.nnr.yU,> hunr,h/cr;no. kwrawrlinry/cr hqdr:wo.>

dI;budr.tjwr; awrgzgr:kmr: tJmr;kwr;nT:nmr. en,RYr, jRv,smr. scryU, dI;n/cr:sujv,dv, lU,kwr;nmr.nUmr:nnr. es mucr;dUYr:gfv,jqcr,Wcr,wnr:azgr,nnr. edlo;hnrhunr,h/cr; budr.tjwr; anrjugr:wo:nT:wdr.aznr, anrnJcr;yU,> dI; nnr; kwrhqdr:dI;mo/dzcr:wv; bqnrdI;munrsQcrkmr:Cpv:bqnrjwr; awrgzgr:kmr: kwr;nmr.nUmr:nnr. tJmr;kwr;nT:nmr. en,RYr,j Rv,es dKcr,gwr,wv; @scrwv; gwredbqnrCpv:yU,Ed.Ed. ebv:no jJcr gzgr:kmr:no. H;mnr:lzcr;kJnr; d/cr:nKwresgmr:# nonnr. yU,>

dI;jo/:sudr.tiy awryv;pQdr;bQdr,mdr. lU,Cpv:bqnr jwr;smr. ebv:lugr.awrdI;hUwrkUwr Em;nmr.en,RYr,jRv, po/, d/cr:azgr,es gfv,jzmr:d/cr:lUcr d/cr:j/nr:nnr.digr:digr:jJcr edlo;hnr wdr.aznr,lcrnJcr;yU,> dI;nnr; kwrhqdr:wo.bv: hunr,h/cr;mnr:es mgr:mo/wv; dI;nnr;bqnr dI;jo/:sudr.tiy awryv;pQdr;bQdr,mdr.d/nr:tJcr budr.tjwr;noywr.> yv;pQdr; bQdr,mdr.nnr. mKwr;mnr:jwr;bqnrCpv:mv: awryqnr:bqnr bnr, l/cr,hUcr:sQcrgfv,noywr.>

ehvgwr, mh/nr. (Mahant’s Palace)

ebv:lugr.awrdI; gzcr:mU:lUcr mhv,ebv:ties lUcr:gfv,d/cr: azgr, sJbr,gfv,jzmr:sqnr;d/cr:gfv, wqcr:gyv,nnr.jJcr amr,hJcr amr,n/nr: edlo;hnr h/cr;ehvgwr,mh/nr. anrwv;nnr.yU,> ehvgwr,no. nv;linrmnr:y/wr:lUcrwo. jzmr:pcr,nmr. en,RYr, jRv,nnr.es dI;jqcr,d/cr:j/nr: nT:nnr. smr.edlo;hnr svlv:szcranr anrhqdr:wo.dI;lJwr;swr: gUnr:kunrminr:dUcr: anrmv:lumr:lv: Cpv:mKwr;nnr. mv:lJwr;swr:nnr.yU,> h/cr;ehv no. lQbr;bqnrh/cr;ehvgwr, j/wr:kKwr:hinr,dU,kwr mKwr;b/nrbudr.t gyv, bo,hKcr:nnr.noywr.>

Em;nmr. en,RYr,jRv,

Em;nmr.en,RYr,jRv,no. lomv:d/cr:azgr, gzcr:mU:lUcr mhv,ebv:tinnr.es gUnr:mKcr:no. Wcr.wv;nmr.pv:gU,noywr.> ebv:k/wr:hJwr.Ed. nmr.ebv:dqmreg:wo.noesd ebv:k/wr:hQcr;Ed. edv.logUYr:es bqnrgunrh/dr,so/:lUcrwo.yU,> Em;nmr.no. ebv: yU,dI; budr.tgyv,eswv; mI:nT:Eg;g/cr gzcr:mU:lUcrmhv,ebv:ti El; w/nr;n/cr:sujv,dv,kwrwo.yU,> tKnr,auluewR anrwv; no.egv; bqnrnT:tKnr, jzmr:himr:Wmr: jKwr:budr.tgyv,no.yU, ywr.> mKwr;b/nrCpv: bqnrjwr;nnr.Ed. jzmr:ncr,lo;cinr:wv; @tKnr,lUcrauluew,R# no.nnr. jKwr:no.mnr:lQbr; bqnrtKnr, yT,tKnr,lUcr wo.Ed.Ed.yU,> smr.edmI: lzcr;gdr:gdr:yqnr yqnr bqnrtKnr,gunrh/dr,so/:wo.es jzmr:himr:Wmr:mnr: smr.ed mI:w/nr;gUnr: wo.d/nr,d/nr,nnr.yU,> yznr.nnrEl; jcr,wv; jwr;Res:kwr< pU;hqdr:g/nrncr;smv,ti dJwr:gmrtmr,mkwr bv: jqmrbudr.tjwr; jcr,mv:yU,swr:dnr:hqcr:jKwr:no.es hqdr: g/nrsmv,ti szgr;hvtmr,mkwrjwr;yU,>

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