မိꨀတꨣဝꨓ္ꨲ တီꨳပုတ္ꨵထꨅဝ္ꨳ ေꨟꨣးၾတꨣးꨟူဝ္ပိုင္း ထမ္မꨅꨀ်ꨣꨲ

        migdv,wnr, amr,nnr sv,Rndr.no. mI:himr:wqcr:bv,Rn sI,es y/nrgowqcr: bv,RnsI, 13 gI,lUwr,mI,tKwr, no.ywr.> smr. gobudr.tgyv, 250 gI,lUwr,mI,tKwr,yU,ywr.> smr.y/nrgo wqcr:sv, wdr.ti 221 gI,lUwr,mI, tKwr,wo.yU,ywr.>

               Cpv:bqnrjwr;hwr:no. wo/:esmnr:jwr; hUbr.hnrlo;lQcr: tmr: dI;budr.tgyv,ywr. jwr;dQbr:ddr:jTwv;  edmv:ehv: tmr:bnr kU:wv:mnr:jwr;El; jumr:bnr,jwgr.gI,kwr dI;lUcrdJcr migdv, dv,bUnr.lzdr;smr,sRv, jzmr:ncr,mnr:jwr; lo;lQcr: tmr:mv: nnr.noywr.> aznrd/cr:sudr:Ed.  a/cr;edmv:ehv: bnr kU:wv:mnr:szcrjwr; anrbqnrav,lv,R gv,lv,mEl; audg Rv,mbudr.d aznrd/cr:noyU,> wo/:eslo;hU.wv; kU:wv:mnr:jwr; dcr:szcr sqcr;munrgfv,ywr.nonnr. mnr:jwr;jcr,dQbr:ddr:wv; edmv:ehv:bnr jumr:bnr,jwgr.gI,kwr anrdJgr.swr:yU, dI;nT: tKnr,migdv,nnr.ywr.> (winybidg-jUlwgrg bvli)

             jumr:jwr;bnr,jwgr.gI,kwrno. mKwr;aznrd/cr: pzcr:mKwr; Cpv:bqnrjwr;dJwr:gmr dugr.gRjRiyv,yU, dI;nT:tKnr, auluew, Rnnr. kwraznrgnr mv:lumr:lv:mnr:jwr;yU,> gUYr:gv; wo/:es kwrhnrmnr:jwr; kJnr:hbr.kwr;bqnr:(szmr:) gUnr:dcr:lo/nnr. yznr.kwrhnrtJcrwv; @mnr:jwr;amr,jzmr: lzgr:lo/:dJwr:gmrywr.< kJnr:hvsqnr;d/cr: lzcr;gv,msKwr:mUnr;ywr.< kJnr:ginrkwr;bqnr: ywr.<  ebv:jKcr.nnr edamr,bqnrCpv:lo;ywr.# nonnr. kwr jwr;bo/;bQdr;mnr:jwr;es gfv,yU,nT:tKnr, dI;sUnrsKwr:migdv, dI;bv,RnsI,nnr.ywr.> yznr.nnrEl; munrsQcrkmr:budr.t jwr; jcr,dQbr:ddr:jTjwr;es mv:jU:kwrjwr;dI;nnr;yU,> mKwr; mnr:jwr;mv:jU:kwres kwrlo;hnrCpv:bqnrjwr;nnr. kwrycr: dQbr:ddr:jTwv; edamr,dUcr.dgr.mnr:jwr;< edamr,hbr. dznr;mnr:jwr; nolTgznr,yU,> gUYr:gv; mKwr;budr.tjwr; Wdr; mv:himr:kwrnnr.Ed. yznr.bKwr;h/cr;p/crjwr; lQgr;lo/;mv:< jJnr; sTmv:lKwrgwr,Ed.Ed.El; dUnrnJcr;ywr.dUnrnJcr; aznrgnr lugr.es bT.dUcr.dgr.hbr.Wcr:mnr:jwr;yU,>

               wv;nnresd aznrd/cr:sudr: kwrjwr;ycr:amr,yumr, lzcr;wv;mnr:jwr; hU.hnrlQcr:tmr:es bqnrCpv:mv:ywr.nonnr. gznr,> wo/:esnnr. Cpv:bqnrjwr;jcr,wv; hcr:kwr @anrgwrjwr; l/dr;mKwr;lqwrno. mKwr;aznrd/cr: jzcr,gwrjwr; y/mr;l/dr;EnsU jwr;mv:esbzgr;hJwr#noyU,> y/mr:nnr kwrjwr;jcr,wv; @amr, dznr.l/dr;dI;kv;# noyU,> wo/:nnr. kwrjwr;jcr,wv; @edtzmr, awrtmr: mnr:jwr;yU,# noyU,> (mjrjimnigvy bbr.nJcr;< nv; 172)   yznr.nnr budr.tkmr:Cpv:bqnrjwr; jcr,ehv:tmr:anr Wcr.jJwr;wv; @tmr,mjgr.g bwdrdnsudr;# tmr:tmr,mj/gr; bnr,wJnr:nonnr. hcr:kwrjwr;yU,> dI;jwr;ehv:tmr: tmr,mjgr.gbwdrdnsudr;no. bqnrdI;gzcr:mU: tmr,mRv,ji gnnr.no ywr.> wo/:esnnr. jwr;jcr,kJnr:ehv:tQcr; tmr:anrWcr.wv; @andr.d lgrknsudr;# nonnr.es dI;ehv:tmr:hUwrno. smr.bqnrdI; gzcr:mU:tmr,em,knnr. lo;hU.ncr,noyU,ywr.>  mKwr; ehv:tmr,mjgr.g bwdrdnsudr;nnr. pU;hU.hnrlQcr:tmr: mI:jwr;gznr:dYr,Y dUnrlqwr gUYr:noesd y/mr:mKwr;mnr:jwr; ehv:tQcr; tmr:andr.d lgr.knsudr;nnr. kwrjwr;hU.hnr lQcr:tmr:gfv, dcr:hvdUnrnoywr.> yznr.nnrEl; dI;sUnrsKwr: migdv,no. bqnrdI;budr.t jwr;ehv:tmr: gmr:aznrd/cr:bKnr; sudr:sudr:noyU,> himr:Wmr:dI;no; dI;anrlImo/lIdzcr:mnr: mI: wo.dcr:nmryU,>        

1.            lgr:swrhinraesv:g (Asoka’s Pillar)           

         swrhinraesv:gno. d/cr:sucrmnr: mI: 12 mI,tKwr,< nKwr jigr:mnr:nnr. hqdr:wo.hunr,h/cr;s/cr,sI;< hUwrs/cr,sI;nnr. y/mr:lqwr mI:nT:hUcr:kzcrmznr- Archaeological museum anrmI:dI; sv,Rndr.noywr.> jzmr:swrhinrnnr. dQmr;wo.wv; @@pTedamr, lo;yv. scr,kkwrjwr;< pTlTesamr,wv; jqmrmunrjwr;< no/:k/wr scrwv;lo;yv.mQnr; scr,kjwr;ebv:nojJcr edlo;nucr;kUwr:k/wr es gfv,yU,d/cr,dI;> ekv;bUcranrno. edlo;bJnrk/wr, nT:scr,k El; no/:k/wrH;hU.gU;jwr;> egv.pIhgr.l/dr;wv; @H;awrpJnrekv; bUcrno. hqdr:pJnrmKnres gfv,bJnrjzmr:wdr. nT:tKnr,< smr.sJbr, awrligr;anrno. bJnrbv:nKwrgUnr:hKnr:kwr> ebv:wnr:sinr yznr.gUnr:hKnr:kwrmv:wdr.El; kwredlo;hU.ligr;no.gfv,> wnr: sinrgU;wnr: pzcr:mKcr:kwr edlo;gfv,wdr. ncr,hJwredlo;ligr; nnr.es hU.dI;bzcr,mnr:lIlI> mKwr;lTesamr,wv; y/mr:mKwr; ddr:sinr edlo;l/dr;Enbv:lzcr;no.> pU;mI:bunr;pznr:kwr gU; ej;wqcr:< gU;aKcr, edlo;sJbr,bJnrazgr,## noyU,>

         ligr;ekv;bUcrno. kunrehvkmr:aesv:g lQbr;bJnrazgr, wo/: b/crgumrlUcr mhv,scr,k(scr,gvynv,) scr,kbzgr;gmr:s/mr> mKwr; pzcr:hqdr:b/crgumr mhv,scr,k bzgr;gmr:s/mrnnr. scrkbzmrkwr lo; k/mr,ehv;bQdr; nT:sv,snv,dcr:nmr> ekv;bUcranrno. smr.lo;hnrtQcr; dI;swrhinr anrmI:dI;s/nr,kLI,nnr. tQcr;noywr.>

2.           wdr.mU,lgnr,tgudI, (Mulagandhakuti)

    wdr.mU,lgnr,tgudI,no. mI:d/cr:Wcr,gzcr:mU:gwr, tmr,m Rv,jignnr.es bqnrwdr.anrbudr.tjwr; yU,swr:mKwr;mnr: jwr; yU,swr:dI;sv,Rndr. amr,nnr migdv,wnr,nnr.ywr.> gUnr:lU,d/nr:mnr: bqnrset:nnr,diy egv.anrrh/cr;ehv mnr: pudr:mv:nT:mKcr:pI jqmrmKwr;mnr:bo,do/nnr.noywr.> wdr. no. nT:g/crmnr: mI:bnr,l/cr,wo.anrnJcr;< smr.bqnrwdr. anr Cpv:bqnrjwr; awrwv,svaznrd/cr:bKnr;sudr:sudr:< smr.bqnrdI; anrbudr.tjwr; ehv:Cdv:bnrjo/:ysr.s aigr,do:egv.mnr: 54 egv. dUgr:bqnraRhnr, (Rh/nr:dv,) gfv,nnr.yU,> 

  wdr.lcrno. wo/:esa/nr,hUwrb/gr,bImnr:ywr. bqnrwdr. anrkf/gr;yT, lKwrgwr,mv:Ed.Ed.noyU,> mKwr;pzcr: hU:winr:sQcr (Huien Tsang) (gUnr:j/wr:ek,) mv,El,tJcrsv,ndr. mKwr; 7 ea,DI, (7^th century A.D)nnr. mnr:ycr:dQmr;wo.wv;- @@nT:w/cr: hUwr.lUcrnnr. mI:wdr.lUcr anrsucrszcrb/gr,tdr:wo.> anrmucr: mnr: mKnrh/cr;hUYr,m/gr,mUcr;wo.< bJnr.mnr:< kUwrlo;mnr:smr. awr kQbr:m/gr,hinrhqdr:wo.lo/lo/> anrbqnrpvmnr:El; d/cr,jKwr.d/cr, bKcrEd. awraudr,hqdr:wo.noywr.> jzmr:pvmnr:sI,nv;nnr. smr.hqdr:wo.hunr,h/cr; budr.tjwr;wo.noyU,> nT:g/crwdr.lUcr nnr. smr.mI:hunr,h/cr;budr.tjwr; anrawrdzcr:elv,wo.< h/cr; nnr. bqnrh/cr;anrmnr: jwr;dJgr.ehv:tmr,mj/gr;yU,## no ywr.>  

     lKwresnnr. jzmr:gzcr:mU:aznr, anrmI:d/cr:dUgr: mU,l gnr,tgudI,nnr. lo;hnrj/gr,aznr,j/gr,aidr: anrdQmr;wo. lKcr;tmr,mjgr.g bwdr.dnsudr;wo.noywr.> dQmr;wo. p/o,bv,li es mI:dI;bzcr,wv; @scr,kjwr;dcr:lo/aKYr.! mI:sjr.jv,sI,bKcr anrwv;- lzcr;k/nrjTEd.< lzcr;d/cr:dv,edlo; lzcr;k/nrjT Ed.< lzcr;k/nrjTmzdr,wzdr;Ed.< sqnr;d/cr: dv,edWdr;tJcr dI;k/nrjT mzdr,wzdr;Ed.nnr.aKwr;# noywr.> ligr;no. lQbr; dQmr;wo.mKwr;b/nr s/mrea,DI, (3^rd century A.D) nnr.noyU,> dUwrligr;jKwr:no. y/mr:lqwr gfv,mI:nT:hUcr:kzcrmznrnnr.noywr.>  

3.           hUwr.aesv:g (Asoka’s Railing)

 d/cr:j/nr:wdr. mU,lgnr,tgudI,nnr. mI:hUwr.anr kunrehvkmr: aesv:glzmr.wo.> anrmnr:lzmr.wo.nnr. bqnrWo:tI: gwr, gzcr:mU:tmr,mRv,jignoywr.> hunr,h/cr;tI:no. awrm/gr,hinr (b/nremvRy/nr-Mauryan)nnr.hqdr:wo.noywr.> Wo:dUcr,anr mI:wo. nT:w/cr:hUwr.nnr. smr.l/mr:wv; lQbr;bqnrWo:dUcr,subr: jigr: gzcr:mU: tmr,mRv,jignoywr.>

4.           gzcr:mU:tmr,mRv,jig (Dharmmarajika Stupa)

  gzcr:mU:tmr,mRvjig mI:himr:lgr:swrhinr aesv:g< anr hqdr:dI;mo/dzcr: dI;Cpv:bqnrjwr; ehv:tmr:tmr,mj/gr; gmr:aznr d/cr:sudr: bnrjwr;bYr,jwgrgI,kwrnoywr.> mKwr;ehv:tmr: tmr, tj/gr;nnr. nT:bYr,jwgr.gI,hv;jwr; jwr;gznr:dYr,Y hU. hnrlQcr:tmr:gfv,> gzcr:mU:no. mKwr;b/nrhU:winr:sQcr mv:El,nnr. Ed. lo;hnrdcr:sucr mI: 30 mI,tKwr,bo/bo/noywr.> mKwr;y/mr:nnrr Ed. gzcr:mU:no. tI:mnr:lQbr;edsucres gzcr:mU:tmr,em,kgznr, noywr.> y/mr:lqwrEd. edv.Ed.gJdr:Wo:mnr: wo.lo/lo/gUYr:> mKwr; y/mr:jumr:j/wr:budr.kwr kJnr:kudr:szgr;hv kzcrgwr,j/wr:budr. y/mr: nnr. dI;nnr; kwrycr:kudr:Yv: aubr:t/dr;gQwr;El; hunr,h/cr; Cpv:bqnrjwr;lTnoyU,> aubr:lubr,t/dr;gQwr;nnr. gfv,mI:dI;lT amr,hU.noesd dKgr;m/gr,hinranrsT,wo. aubr:lubr,t/dr;gQwr; nnr. y/mr:lqwr gfv,mI:nT:hUcr:kzcrmznr dI;wqcr:glgdr.dv: bunr. noywr.>

     mKwr;y/mr:kicr:k/nr,nicr,gmr, kJnr:kudr:nnr.Ed. dI; nnr;mnr:ycr:kudr:lo; hunr,h/cr;budr.tjwr; anrdJgr.ehv: tmr: tmr,mj/gr;El; ligr;aidr:azdr:noywr.> nT:ligr;nnr. mnr:l/dr;En lzcr;kunrehvkmr:bcr,glI,(Bangli) egv.anrtv, bnv,gzcr:mU:El; anrlo;d/nr:lgr:po:anrbKcr: gzcr:mU:El; kKcr; kzcrh/cr;kKcr; jzmr:gzcr:mU:nnr.noywr.>

5.           gzcr:mU:lUcrtmr,em,k (Dharmek Stupa)

  gzcr:mU:lUcrtmr,em,kno.smr. hqdr:wo.dI;mo/dI;dzcr: anrbudr.tjwr;ehv:tmr: andr.dlgr.k nsudr; bnrjumr:jwr; bYr,jwgr.gI,kwrnnr.ncr,gwr,> tJcrmKwr;ehv:tmr:hUwrno. jwr;bYr,jwgr.gI,kwr dcr:hv;jwr; dUgr:bqnraRhnr, hU.hnrlQcr: tmr:gfv,mUdr:> gzcr:mU:no. d/cr:gf/cr:mnr: mI: 28 mI,tKwr, no.es d/cr:sucr:mnr:smr. edmI:mzgr; 33 mI,tKwr,no.noywr.>

       anrEd,kudr:kJnr:es Em:lumr:lv:kJnr:Ed. kicr:k/nr, nicr,gmr, (Cunningham) Ed,kudr:mKwr;bI 1834 bunr.< lo;jT. dv,k/wr:y/mr:s/mrbI> mKwr;y/mr:nnr mnr:lo;hnrwv; gzcr:mU:no. Ed,awrcwr;edv,bo/ edmI:mzgr; 10 mI,tKwr,no. awrm/gr,hinregv,wo. lo/lo/noyU,ywr.> gzcr:mU:no. aznrd/cr:sudr: Ed,egv, s/cr;mv: jqmrmKwr;b/nremv,Ry/nr: (Mauryan)bunr.noywr.> 

   

6.           wdr.aQbr.sI,dv:lr (Apsidal Temple)

        d/cr:dUgr: lgr:swrhinraesv:gsJwr;sJwr;nnr. smr.mI: wo. Wo:wdr.aQbr.sI,dv:lrnonnr.ywr.> wdr.no. egv,s/cr;mv: mKwr;b/nremv:ly/nr:bunr.noywr.> wdr.lcrno. mKwr;y/mr:nnr. edv,nv;gnr dcr: lgr:swrhinraesv:gwo.noywr.> wdr.lcrno. lzcr;wv;mnr:bqnr kunrehvkmr:b/nrnnr. egv.egv, s/cr;mv:anrwv; nnr. amr,mI:lzcr;t/cr,tKmraI;scrnoyU,> wdr.no. smr.mI:bv: Wcr;svlv: anrgf/cr;y/wr:lUcrwo.es jzmr:k/cr;mnr:nnr. smr.mI: sqnr;d/cr:lqbr;wo.> anrmucr:mnr: y/mr:nnr mKnrh/cr;gzcrbudr: wo.noywr.> dI;sudr: Wcr;svlv:y/wr:lUcrnnr. yznr.mnr:mI:Wo: cKbr,wo.El; dI;nnr; Ek:edpcrlgr:swrhinr tmr,mj/gr;wo.no yU,> mKwr;pzcr: kJnr:kudr:Wo:wdr.gwr, mKwr;bI 1904 nnr. ycr:kudr: hnrmQnr; h/cr;j/gr,kQgr: anrl/gr,lo/:wo.anrnJcr;> hunr,h/cr; nnr. awrm/gr,hinrkQgr:hqdr:wo. nT:h/cr;nnr. smr.mI:bv:wo. h/cr; gUnr:nT:h/cr;nT:ehv dcr:nmrwo.noywr.> Ek:Ek:edbqnr anr hqdr:wo. h/cr;kunrehvkmr:aesv:g y/mr:mKwr;mnr: mv:wo;Cpv:dI; nnr;nnr.hJwrnoyU,> h/cr;jKwr:nnr. m/cranrycr:dJgr.mI:yU, nT:hUcr:kzcrmznr dI;sv,Rndr.< gmr;pzcr;gfv,mI:dI; hUcr:kzcrmznr j/wr:kKwr: (national museum)  dI;niwr:ed,lI,bunr.noywr.>

7.           t/dr;gQwr; anrpcr,wo. b/nrgubr.d(Gupta)

    po/,j/nr:d/cr:lUcr anrgfv,jU: mU,lgnr,tgudI,nnr. smr.mI:wdr.gwr, dI;pcrwo.t/dr;gQwr;noywr.> y/mr:lqwr awrpv audr,gcr;wo.es awrm/gr,audr,hqdr:cKbr,wo.> h/cr;wdr.no. bqnrsI, jqcr,es bqnrwdr.szcrjnr.> smr.mI:kqcr, lUjJnr; (tower) wo.gU;jqcr,< jqmrhU:pgr:dU hU:lQcr:mnr:egv; h/cr;kKcr;bqnrsI,jqcr,sI, jcr,wo.es h/cr;lIwo.Ed.Ed.noyU,> 

8.           wdr.tmr,mjgr.gRjin (Dhammacakkarajina Temple)

   Wo:wdr.gwr, anrmI:d/cr:Wcr,nnr. bqnrwdr.tmr,mjgr.g Rjinnoywr.> nT:sv,Rndr.no. wdr.no.yT,esbKnr;noyU,> dI;himr:wdr.nnr. smr.mI:wo.ligr;pvhinranrnJcr; anrl/dr;En lzcr;himr:Wmr:wdr.nnr.noyU,> ligr;pvhinrnnr. y/mr:lqwr lo;hU.wv; gfv,mI:nT:hUcr:kzcrmznrbunr.noyU,> wdr.lcrno. l/mr:hnrwv; lQbr;egv,s/cr;mv: nT:b/nrkunrehvkmr: aesv:gnnr.noywr.> hUwr.mnr:po/, d/cr:j/nr:nnr. mI:bqnr 230 mI,tKwr,bo/bo/noyU,> Wo: pgr:dUlUcr wo/,nv;gfv,nv; d/cr:azgr,es dI;jqcr,po/,Wcr,wnr: dUgr:nnr. smr.mI:Wo:tmr; y/wr:lUcrwo.anrnJcr;> yKcr:jU:jKcr. hJwres egv,s/cr;wo.Ed. amr,lo;hU.noyU,> scrwv;bojzmr:hUwr. edlo;hnrmQnr; lgr:swrdzcr;wo.El; h/cr;kQgr:jzmr: pvaudr, anrmI: jzmr:dinrpvjKwr:nnr.yU,noywr.>           

9.           hUcr:kzcrmznr (Archaeological museum)

         hUcr:kzcrmznrno. bqnrdI;gqbr:wo. kzcrgwr,kzcrmznrbo/:mznr:j/wr: budr. anrkJinr:kudr:Yv:dI;sv,Rndr; anrmI:gv;mI:knrjKwr: nnr.ywr.> hUwrs/cr,sI;lgr:swrhinraesv:g anrmI:nT:hUwr. dI;sUnrsKwr: migdv,nnr.egv; kwrsimr:bQcr:wo.dI;no;> hunr,h/cr;no. d/cr:sucrmnr:mI: 2.31 mI,tKwr,no.yU,> lKwres nnr.smr. simr:bQcr:wo. hunr,h/cr;jwr;jo/:sidr.tdr.t bqnrWo:lo/:mJwr:gwr, anrhqdr:wo.mKwr;b/nr gudr.sn(Kusana)nnr.lT> smr.mI:wo. ligr;kQbr:hinrmKwr;gznr, anrlIkwrjTmnr:jKwr:nnr.bv:gznr,> smr.mI:bv: hunr,h/cr;budr.tjwr; anrdJgr.ehv:tmr: tmr,mj/gr; hUwrbJcr: dI;sUnrsKwr:migdv, nnr.lTyU,> hUcr:kzcrmznrno. Ed,bJdr,g/crnT 10 mzcr:edv, 5 mzcr:g/crkmr;es smr.hbr:wnr:sugr:noywr.> 

10.         gzcr:mU:kGgr.knr,di (Chaukhanti)

  ebv:lugr.awrdI; sUnrsKwr:lUcrdJcrno.es gfv,jzmr: sqnr;d/cr:bv,RnsI,nnr. mzgr;gI:lUwr:nJcr; nojJcr edlo;gfv,hnr gzcr:mU:kGgr.knr,di.anrwv;nnr.yU,> gzcr:mU:no. hqdr:dI;mo/dI;dzcr: jumr:bYr,j wgr.gIkwrjwr; bT.hbr.Wcr:munrsQcrkmr:Cpv: bqnrjwr; mKwr;mnr:jwr; lugr.budr.tgyv,es mv:dI;sUnrsKwr: migdv, a/cr;mv:ehv:tmr:bnr kwrjwr;nnr.noywr.> mKwr;aznrd/cr:Ed. wv;edamr,hbr.mnr:jwr; noesd tJcrmunrsQcrkmr: Cpv:bqnrjwr; mv:jmrkwrnnr.Ed. dUnrnJcr;ywr.dUnrnJcr; aznrgnrbT. hbr.Wcr:mnr:jwr;yU,>

11.          wdr.do/;himr:Wmr: sv,Rndr.

 dI;nzgr;hUwr.d/cr:azgr, gzcr:mU:lUcrtmr,em,knnr. mI:wdr.mU,lgnr,tgudI, anrjwr;anv,gv, Rigtmr,mbv,l (mKcr:lcr: ) mv:s/cr;wo. mKwr;bI 1931 nnr.lcrnJcr;> wdr.lcrno. yKcr:jU: hUcr:bidg/dr; es egv,s/cr;wo.> jwr;dv,nmnr:Ed. bqnrmidr.sdKwr, Em,RI,Fzdr.sdKwr, (Mrs Marry foster) mKcr:aem,Rig/nr,yU,ywr.> h/cr;jnrwo.jzmr:pvnnr. bqnrlo/mJwr:bo/:mznr: mKcr:gLb/nr, gUwr,sQdr.sU, nUwr,sU,(Kosetsu Nosu) yU,ywr.> jwr;dv, nh/cr;jnrnnr. bqnrbI,-aQwr, b|znr:tKwr, (B.L Browntor) mKcr: aicr,gl/nr, lo;hU.ncr,noyU,ywr.> mKwr;wnr:bJdr,b/cr wnr:ti 11.11.1931 nnr.Ed. gUnr:j/wr:budr.gU;mKcr:mKcr: aznrgnrkJnr; Wdr;mv: nT:b/crnnr.noywr.> nT:w/cr:nnr. smr.mI:bv:kQbr:pv hinr anrdzgr,wo.bidg/dr; gUnr:j/wr:budr. gU;mKcr:mKcr: mKnrncr, mKcr:to:< mKcr:sIRilcr:gv< mKcr:m/nr;< mKcr:l/wr:< gmr,ebv:dI:yv:jqmr jKwr:no.lTyU,>  

   po/,d/cr:dUgr: gzcr:mU:lUcrtmr,emknnr. smr.mI:wo.wdr. gLqnr:(Jain) anregv,dcr;mv: mKwr;bI 1824 nnr.lcrnJcr;> jzmr: pvwdr.d/cr:nT:nnr. kwrjnrwo.hunr,h/cr; mhv,wI,R pU;aznrhUwr egv,dcr; jumr:gLqnr:kwrwo.dcr:nmr> mhv,wI,Rno. bqnregv.anrkqcr,d dcr:nmr.gdr.j/wr:budr. mKwr;b/nrbudr.t jwr;nnr.mv: egv.nJcr;yU,>

    wdr.ek,kwrsmr. egv,dcr;mv: mKwr;bI 1939 nnr.es gUnr: jzo;cJnr:mnr:Ed. bqnrset:jJwr;sqcryT, nT:mKcr:jicr,gv,bUwr, lo;hU.ncr,noyU,> wdr.m/nr; (bqnrmunrjwr; kKwr:RkQcr,)smr. mI: d/cr:jqcr, Wcr,wnr:dUgr: w/cr:gzcr:mU:migdv,nnr.es egv,dcr;mv: mKwr;hUwrbI 20 ea,DI,no.noywr.> wdr.no.ebv:bI 2008 mv: edtUnr;b/gr,bIes edmI:b/crbzo:kzbr;kUbr,b/gr,bImnr:yU,> wdr.dibQdr. smr.bqnrkzcrjumr:eg, lugr.b (Gelugpa) kwres bUgr:dcr;mv: mKwr; bI 1955 nI;bunr.ywr.> himr:d/cr:lcrwdr.kwrnnr. anrlIkwr; jTmnr: kwrhqdr:wo.gzcr:mU: dI;mo/dzcr: gUnr:jKwr:anrdo/gfv, nT: b/crlugr.pJnr.ek, dI;lv,sv, (Lhasa) bI 1959 nnr.noywr.>

   wdr.gLb/nr,smr. egv,dcr;wo. himr:wdr.dibQdr.nnr.es wdr.to:smr. mI:gfv,himr: hUcr:kzcrmznrnnr.yU,> wdr.to:no. egv,s/cr;mv: mKwr;bI 1971 nnr.es edv,mKwr;lqwr dJgr.hqdr:yU,digr:digr:> po/,d/cr: nzgr;sv,Rndr. mzgr; 3 gI:lUwr:nnr. smr.mI: jnr.jzmrlUcrdibQQdr. anrmI:hUcr:dUYr:ligr;yT,yT, gf/cr;gf/cr;nnr. lcrnJcr;yU,ywr.>